The Indigo Book

Foreword

In 2011, Frank Bennett, a law professor at Nagoya University in Japan, wrote to me about open source software he was developing that he now maintains under the name of Juris-M. Professor Bennett’s work is an extended variant of an amazingly useful tool called Zotero that is created by developers around the world who want to support scholars in their efforts to “organize, cite, and share research sources.” Frank added features to Zotero that support legal writing.

Professor Bennett was two years into work on his project when he contacted the Harvard Law Review Association concerning the use, in electronic form, of common abbreviations for U.S. sources as specified in The Bluebook. He was repeatedly rebuffed with stern “keep off the grass” warnings. I examined those abbreviations, and they are clearly facts that could only be expressed in one way. Not only are these abbreviations devoid of creativity, they are required by many legal jurisdictions in the United States before one can plead a case of law before judges. So, I posted those abbreviations on my web site, and promptly received my own “keep off the grass” missive from an outside law firm hired by the Harvard Law Review.

It is important to understand, when we are talking about The Bluebook, A Uniform System of Citation, that we are talking about two different things. There is a product, a spiral-bound booklet that sells for $38.50, which is accompanied by a rudimentary web site available to purchasers of the product.

Underlying that product, however, is something much more basic and fundamental, a uniform system of citation. Unpaid volunteers from a dozen law schools, under the stewardship of four nonprofit student-run law reviews, have labored mightily to reach a consensus standard for the citation of legal materials. This open consensus standard was developed, with no compensation to the authors, for the greater benefit of the legal system of the United States. By clearly and precisely referring to primary legal materials, we are able to communicate our legal reasoning to others, including pleading a case in the courts, advocating changes in legal policy in our legislatures or law reviews, or simply communicating the law to our fellow citizens so that we may be better informed.

We do not begrudge the Harvard Law Review Association one penny of the revenue from the sale of their spiral-bound book dressed in blue. However, we must not confuse the book with the system. There can be no proprietary claim over knowledge and facts, and there is no intellectual property right in the system and method of our legal machinery. The infrastructure of our legal system is a public utility, and belongs to all of us.

As Harvard professor Lawrence Lessig has famously stated, “code is law.” The system of citation is code, an algorithm consisting of rules and a set of enumerations of text strings and their proper abbreviations. This is code about law.

In thinking of The Bluebook, I have been reminded of Big Blue, the IBM corporation. IBM made a fortune selling Genuine IBM personal computers, but this did not prevent others from making clones that were able to exercise the instructions in the underlying chipset. When technology changed the nature of the computer industry, IBM did not spend its days trying to defend an outdated mode of operation and instead moved up the food chain. The company has grown and prospered because of the computing revolution and the Internet instead of trying to preserve an outdated position of economic power that could not last.

Likewise, I wish the Harvard Law Review Association and their three companion law reviews the best in continuing to sell their Genuine Blue spiral-bound book and any associated on-line services. However, that cannot mean prohibiting an open source developer from using common abbreviations, and it certainly does not imply any ownership or control over how, in our democracy, we communicate the law with our fellow citizens. I hope you will enjoy The Indigo Book: A Manual of Legal Citation and that you will join me in extending my congratulations to Professor Sprigman and his students on the excellent job they have performed in re-coding those rules.

Carl Malamud
Public.Resource.Org

Introduction

Welcome to The Indigo Book—a free, Creative Commons-dedicated implementation of The Bluebook’s Uniform System of Citation. The Indigo Book was compiled by a team of students at the New York University School of Law, working under the direction of Professor Christopher Jon Sprigman.

The Indigo Book isn’t the same as The Bluebook, but it does implement the same Uniform System of Citation that The Bluebook does. The scope of The Indigo Book’s coverage is roughly equivalent to The Bluebook’s “Bluepages”—that is, The Indigo Book covers legal citation for U.S. legal materials, as well as books, periodicals, and Internet and other electronic resources. In addition, The Indigo Book offers citation guidance that is deeper than The Bluebook’s Bluepages—for example, The Indigo Book has citation guidance for bills, and for legislative history, that the Bluepages lack. For the materials that it covers, anyone using The Indigo Book will produce briefs, memoranda, law review articles, and other legal documents with citations that are compatible with the Uniform System of Citation.

Note that The Indigo Book’s scope does not extend to (now virtually unused) loose-leaf reporters, nor to foreign legal materials or the publications of international organizations like the United Nations. Most American lawyers cite these materials only rarely, and providing citation rules for the enormous number of international jurisdictions is part of what makes The Bluebook as unwieldy as it has become.

The Indigo Book offers a couple of important advantages to users, compared with The Bluebook. Unlike The Bluebook, The Indigo Book is free. Free in two different ways that are equally important. First, The Indigo Book is given to you free of charge. Considering that the Uniform System of Citation has become a basic piece of infrastructure for the American system of justice, it is vital that pro se litigants, prisoners, and others seeking justice but who lack resources are given effective access to the system lawyers use to cite to the law. That interest in access and basic fairness is part of what motivated The Indigo Book’s creation.

Second, and perhaps even more importantly, The Indigo Book is free of the restrictions of copyright. You are free to copy and distribute this work, and—most importantly—to improve on it. This is important, because we want people with a stake in our legal citation system to help make that system simpler and better. To achieve these goals, we are releasing The Indigo Book under a Creative Commons “CC0” public domain dedication that allows you to use it, copy it, distribute it, and—we hope—improve it.

So, what sorts of improvement do we hope for? This original edition of The Indigo Book is compatible with the current, 20th edition of The Bluebook. We will admit, however, that our decision to make The Indigo Book compatible with The Bluebook’s Uniform System of Citation was mostly self-interested and strategic—we want people to adopt The Indigo Book, and the best way to achieve that goal, we reasoned, was to give people a citation guide that they could use to produce documents that look as if they used The Bluebook.

We think this is the right path, at least initially, but please understand that our decision to make The Indigo Book Bluebook-compatible doesn’t stop you from doing otherwise. There are ways to improve The Indigo Book that involve breaking free of The Bluebook. Indeed, in some ways the recent editions of The Bluebook have adopted an unhelpfully over-prescriptive approach to citation that has resulted in needless complexity. It wasn’t always that way. Back in 1959, the 10th edition of The Bluebook declared that “[t]he primary purpose of a citation is to facilitate finding and identifying the authority cited. The rules set forth in this booklet should not be considered invariable. Whenever clarity will be served, the citation form should be altered without hesitation; whenever a citation would not amplify the identification of the authority referred to, no citation should be given.”

That sounds right to us. Can we get back to a more sensible, flexible system of legal citation? The Indigo Book takes the first step by restating the Uniform System of Citation for U.S. legal materials, and for books, periodicals, and Internet and other electronic resources. The next step is up to you. Take The Indigo Book, use it, enjoy it, improve it—maybe you international lawyers out there will add coverage of foreign and international law? Then, consistent with the spirit of our project—give your improvements to the world.

Professor Christopher Jon Sprigman
New York University School of Law

A. BACKGROUND RULES

R1. Two Types of Legal Documents

There are two basic varieties of legal documents. The Uniform System of Citation imposes somewhat different citation rules for each.

1. R1.1. Standard Legal Documents (SLDs). These are the documents lawyers file in courts, agencies, or other places where practicing lawyers do what they do (e.g., briefs and motions). They also include the documents lawyers write to one another or to the public (e.g., legal letters and legal memoranda). We will refer to these as standard legal documents.
2. R1.2. Academic Legal Documents (ALDs). These are articles for publication in law reviews. We will refer to them as "law review articles."

R2. Typeface Standards

1. R2.1. Only the following items should be italicized:
   • Case names—both full and short case names, and procedural phrases (e.g., In re and ex parte) preceding the case names (but note the special guidance for law review articles in Rule 11.2.3);
   • Book titles
   • Article titles
   • Legislative materials’ titles
   • Introductory signals (e.g., see, cf. and accord)
   • Explanatory phrases that introduce subsequent case history (e.g., aff’d or cert. denied)
   • Cross references, (e.g., infra, supra and id.)
   • Words and phrases that introduce related authority (e.g., reprinted in and available in)
2. R2.2. The following words should be italicized when used in the text of standard legal documents:
   • Publication titles (e.g., The Onion)
   • Words that are italicized in the original quotation; and
   • All words that would be italicized in the text (e.g., foreign words that are not commonly used in English language documents).

R3. In-Text Citations

1. R3.1. For standard legal documents, in-text citations are rendered either as (i) a complete sentence that supports a claim in the immediately preceding sentence of text, or, (ii) when the citation relates to a particular part of a sentence, as a clause within the sentence, immediately following the claim it supports.
   • Only use footnotes for standard legal documents when allowed by a court’s local rules.
   • In contrast to standard legal documents, law review articles rely on footnotes for citations.
2. R3.2. Citations Following Sentences
   • Most citations in standard legal documents follow complete text sentences. It is common to have several citations following a sentence, with each citation separated by a semicolon (known as a “string citation”).
   • It is also common to employ more than one introductory signal, with citations introduced by different signals arranged as separate sentences. (For the order in which introductory signals are arranged, see Rule 4.2, below.) Use this citation method to cite to sources and authorities that relate to the sentence as a whole.
   • Example: Even if the meaning of the statute were not plain, the FCC’s construction of the 1996 Act is reasonable and therefore entitled to deference. See Chevron U.S.A., Inc. v. Nat. Res. Def. Council, Inc., 467 U.S. 837 (1984); see also Nat’l Cable & Telecomms. Ass’n. v. Brand X Internet Svcs., 545 U.S. 967, 1000 (2005) (holding that Chevron mandates that courts defer to the FCC’s reasonable interpretation of its authority under the statutes that the agency administers, even where a current FCC interpretation is inconsistent with past practice); Home Care Ass’n. of Am. v. Weil, 799 F.3d 1084 (D.C. Cir. 2015) (finding the Department of Labor’s reasonable interpretation of a provision of the Fair Labor Standards Act was entitled to deference under Chevron, even where it contravened previous reasonable interpretation of same provision).
3. R3.3. Citations Within Sentences
   • Some citations in standard legal documents are placed within sentences. Use within-sentence citations to cite sources and authorities that relate to only a section of the sentence. Separate within-sentence citations from the text with commas. The citation clauses directly follow the claim which they support. Do not model them after normal sentences unless:
     • the clause opens with a source that would be capitalized anyway—this is the only case where the clause should begin with a capital letter; or
     • it is the sentence’s final clause—this is the only case where the clause should end with a period.
   • Example: Knowingly throwing undersized groupers overboard to avoid federal agents investigating a violation of federal conservation regulations is not destruction of evidence within the meaning of the Sarbanes–Oxley Act of 2002, see Yates v. United States, 135 S. Ct. 1074 (2015), even though the Eleventh Circuit fishily held just the opposite, United States v. Yates, 733 F.3d 1059 (11th Cir. 2013).

R4. Signals

1. R4.1. A signal illustrates the relationship between the author’s assertion and the source cited for that assertion. The signal begins the citation sentence or clause.
2. R4.2. There are four basic categories of signals:

Category	Signals
Signals for Supporting Authority	(1) [No signal]
	(2) E.g.,
	(3) Accord
	(4) See
	(5) See Also
	(6) Cf.
Signals for Comparison	(7) Compare citation to source(s), separated with “and” if multiple with citation to source(s), separated with “and” if multiple
Signals for Contradictory Authority	(8) Contra
	(9) But see
	(10) But cf.
Signals for Background Material	(11) See generally

3. R4.3. When more than one authority is used in the same citation, they should be ordered first according to hierarchy of introductory signals (see table above), and then within each signal by strength of authority using a semicolon in between each one (see Rule 10 below: Order of Authorities Within Each Signal / Strength of Authority).

R5. Capitalization Rules

1. R5.1. The signal is capitalized at the beginning of a citation sentence.
   • Example: Unbelievable as it may be, the Supreme Court has weighed in on the issue of whether a tomato is a fruit or vegetable. See Nix v. Heden, 149 U.S. 304 (1893).
2. R5.2. The signal is left in lowercase at the beginning of a citation clause.
   • Example: Even seemingly trivial issues, see, e.g., Nix v. Heden, 149 U.S. 304 (1893) (addressing the question of whether tomatoes are fruits or vegetables), can sometimes merit input from the Supreme Court.

R6. Signals for Supporting Authority

1. R6.1. no signal: A citation does not need a signal if--
   • The source makes the same assertion; or
     • Example: To impose the death penalty on an individual who is criminally insane is unconstitutional. Ford v. Wainwright, 477 U.S. 399, 410 (1986).
   • The assertion is a direct quotation from the source; or
     • Example: States are prohibited “from inflicting the penalty of death upon a prisoner who is insane.” Ford v. Wainwright, 477 U.S. 399, 410 (1986).
   • The source is referred to in the assertion.
     • Example: In cases like Roper, Atkins, and Ford, the Supreme Court has established certain classes of individuals upon which the death penalty may not be imposed. Roper v. Simmons, 543 U.S. 551, 575 (2005); Atkins v. Virginia, 536 U.S. 304, 321 (2002); Ford v. Wainwright, 477 U.S. 399, 410 (1986).
2. R6.2. E.g.,
   • Use “e.g.,” if the cited source is one of multiple sources to make the same assertion. The citation may include however many sources the author finds to be helpful. Note that the comma in the signal “e.g.,” should NOT be italicized.
     • Example: In a criminal case, the state bears the burden of proving the defendant’s guilt “beyond a reasonable doubt.” E.g., State v. Purrier, 336 P.3d 574, 576 (Or. Ct. App. 2014).
     • Example: Prior to the Supreme Court’s decision in Riley v. California, 134 S. Ct. 2473 (2014), several circuits had generally allowed the police to conduct warrantless searches of cell phones of individuals under arrest. E.g., U.S. v. Murphy, 552 F.3d 405, 411 (4th Cir. 2009); U.S. v. Finley, 477 F.3d 250, 260 (5th Cir. 2007).
   • “E.g.,” may also be used following any other signal, in which case an italicized comma should separate the two signals. Note: The comma in the signal “e.g.,” should NOT be italicized.
     • Example: Several states have enacted legislation requiring witnesses to report certain crimes to authorities. See, e.g., Colo. Rev. Stat. Ann. § 18-8-115 (West 2014); Mass. Gen. Laws Ann. ch. 268, § 40 (West 2014); Ohio Rev. Code Ann. § 2921.22 (West 2014).
     • Example: Most states have not enacted legislation requiring witnesses to report crimes to authorities. But see, e.g., Colo. Rev. Stat. Ann. § 18-8-115 (West 2014); Mass. Gen. Laws Ann. ch. 268, § 40 (West 2014); Ohio Rev. Code Ann. § 2921.22 (West 2014).
3. R6.3. Accord
   • Accord is used when more than one source substantiates a proposition, but the text quotes just one of them. Use accord as the introductory signal for the non-quoted sources. Also, accord may be used as the introductory signal for indicating that the law of one jurisdiction is consistent with the law of another.
     • Example: Justin Bieber might be one of the most “widely despised figures in pop music [who] still maintains a formidable fan base.” Keith Girard, Justin Bieber Seeks to Make Amends, Jump-Start Career on Ellen, TheImproper Magazine (Jan. 25, 2015), http://www.theimproper.com/118310/justin-bieber-seeks-amends-jumpstart-career-ellen-watch/; accord Chrissy Makkas, Justin Bieber Fronts V Magazine’s Music Issue (Forum Buzz), The Fashion Spot (Jan. 11, 2012), https://www.thefashionspot.com/buzz-news/forum-buzz/171203-justin-bieber-fronts-v-magazines-music-issue-forum-buzz/ (“Justin Bieber is a polarizing figure . . . .”).
4. R6.4. See
   • See is used when an authority does not directly state but clearly supports the proposition. See is used instead of no signal when an inferential step is required to connect the proposition to the authority cited.
     • Example: The defendant in a criminal case cannot be forced to testify against himself or herself. See U.S. Const. amend. V.
5. R6.5. See also
   • See also is used for additional sources that support a proposition. Use see also when authority that states or clearly supports the proposition has already been cited or discussed. The use of a parenthetical is recommended when using see also.
     • Example: Slow and steady wins the race. See Don Daily, The Classic Treasury of Aesop’s Fables 43–46 (1999); see also The Shawshank Redemption (Castle Rock Entertainment 1994) (prisoner tunnels out of a prison by removing a few stones per day).
6. R6.6. Cf.
   • Cf. is used for supporting authority that is analogous to your proposition, or which is related but which requires some interpretive work to connect to your proposition. Always use a parenthetical with cf. to explain the logical connection required for the argument.
     • Example: In the legal realm, there is a need for an easy-to-use, standard set of citation rules. Cf. The Bluebook: A Uniform System of Citation (Columbia Law Review Ass’n et al. eds., 20th ed. 2015) (demonstrating, by virtue of 20 editions, the need for such a system, but producing a system that is overly complex).

R7. Signals for Comparison

1. R7.1. Compare citation to source or authority, with citation to source or authority
   • Compare . . . is used when the relationship of multiple authorities will demonstrate or offer support for the proposition. It is highly recommended that each authority in the comparison be explained with a parenthetical in order to make the relationship and argument clear to the reader. Each portion of the compare . . . signal may contain multiple sources; separate these sources using commas and italicized “and” as follows.
     • Example: The 20th Century saw sweeping changes in the definition and scope of the Due Process Clause. Compare Lochner v. New York, 198 U.S. 45 (1905) (showing the Supreme Court’s historical interpretation of the Due Process Clause as solely protecting an individual’s right to contract), with McDonald v. Chicago, 561 U.S. 742 (2010) (incorporating the Second Amendment using the Due Process Clause), BMW of North America, Inc. v. Gore, 517 U.S. 559 (1996) (utilizing the Due Process Clause to reduce punitive damages), and Dolan v. City of Tigard, 512 U.S. 374 (1994) (limiting the zoning and ordinance powers of local governments under the Due Process Clause).

R8. Signals for Contradictory Authority

1. R8.1. Contra
   • Contra is used when a cited authority directly conflicts with the proposition it follows. Contra is the opposite signal to no signal.
     • Example: The Bluebook is an example of absolute efficiency in the formulation and expression of the rules of legal citation. Contra Richard A. Posner, The Bluebook Blues, 120 Yale L.J. 950 (2011).
2. R8.2. But see
   • But see is used for authority that, while not directly contradicting the main proposition, nonetheless clearly opposes it. But see is the opposite signal to see.
     • Example: I have the right to falsely shout “Fire!” in a crowded theater. But see Schenck v. United States, 249 U.S. 47 (1919).
3. R8.3. But cf.
   • But cf. is used to indicate that an authority supports a proposition that is similar to the opposite of the author’s main proposition. But cf. is the opposite signal to cf. Always use a parenthetical with but cf. to explain the logical connection required for the argument. This is the weakest signal for contrary authority.
     • Example: Restaurant commercials sell a vision of dinner as a cornerstone daily meal. But cf. 5 Things to Know about McDonalds All Day Breakfast, Time (Oct. 6, 2015), http://time.com/money/4062667/mcdonalds-all-day-breakfast/.

R9. Signals for Background Material

1. R9.1. See generally
   • See generally is used for useful background material. It is recommended that you use a parenthetical with see generally in order to explain the authority’s relevance to the proposition.
     • Example: Some commentators have argued that the Supreme Court does more than “call balls and strikes,” and that politics may even be involved in some decisionmaking.See generally Jeffrey Toobin, The Nine: Inside the Secret World of the Supreme Court (2007) (arguing that the work of the Supreme Court often involves the Justices imposing values and even political preferences).

R10. Order of Authorities Within Each Signal / Strength of Authority

1. R10.1. Constitutions. Order constitutions from the same jurisdiction from most recent to oldest.
   1. Federal
   2. State (alphabetize according to state)
   3. Foreign (alphabetize according to jurisdiction)
   4. Foundational Documents of International Groups (United Nations, the League of Nations, and the European Union, in that order)
2. R10.2. Statutes
   1. R10.2.1. Federal:
      1. Statutes in U.S.C., U.S.C.A., or U.S.C.S. (in ascending order by U.S.C. Title)
      2. Current statutes that are not in U.S.C., U.S.C.A., or U.S.C.S. (from most recently enacted to oldest)
      3. Rules of Evidence and Procedure
      4. Repealed Statutes (from most recently enacted to oldest)
   2. R10.2.2. State (alphabetize according to state):
      1. Statutes currently codified (in ascending order within the codification)
      2. Statutes currently in force but not currently codified (from most recently enacted to oldest)
      3. Rules of Evidence and Procedure
      4. Repealed Statutes (from most recently enacted to oldest)
   3. R10.2.3. Foreign (alphabetize according to jurisdiction):
      1. Codes or Statutes currently codified (in ascending order in the codification)
      2. Statutes currently in force but not currently codified (from most recently enacted to oldest)
      3. Repealed Statutes (from most recently enacted to oldest)
3. R10.3. Treaties and Other International Agreements (other than those above) are cited from most recently ratified/signed to oldest.
4. R10.4. Cases. Order cases from the same court from most recent to oldest, without regard to prior or subsequent history. There’s no difference between Federal Circuit Court of Appeals or Federal District Courts.
   1. R10.4.1. Federal:
      1. Supreme Court
      2. Court of Appeals, Emergency Court of Appeals, and Temporary Emergency Court of Appeals
      3. Court of Claims, Court of Customs, and Patent Appeals and Bankruptcy Appellate Panels
      4. District Courts, Judicial Panel on Multidistrict Litigation, and Court of International Trade (formerly the Customs Court)
      5. District Bankruptcy Courts and Railroad Reorganization Court
      6. Court of Federal Claims (formerly the Trial Division for the Court of Claims), Court of Appeals for the Armed Services (formerly the Court of Military Appeals), and Tax Court (formerly the Board of Tax Appeals)
      7. Administrative Agencies (alphabetize according to agency)
   2. R10.4.2. State:
      1. Courts (alphabetize according to state, then by hierarchy in descending order)
      2. Agencies (alphabetize according to state, then by agency)
   3. R10.4.3. Foreign:
      1. Courts (alphabetize according to jurisdiction, then by hierarchy in descending order)
      2. Agencies (alphabetize according to jurisdiction, then by agency)
   4. R10.4.4. International:
      1. International Court of Justice, Permanent Court of International Justice
      2. Other International Tribunals and Arbitral Panels (in alphabetical order)
5. R10.5. Legislative Materials (always cite federal materials first)
   1. Bills and Resolutions (most recent to oldest)
   2. Committee Hearings (most recent to oldest)
   3. Reports, Documents, and Committee Prints (most recent to oldest)
   4. Floor Debates (most recent to oldest)
6. R10.6. Administrative and Executive Materials
   1. R10.6.1. Federal:
      1. Executive Orders
      2. Current Treasury Regulations, Proposed Treasury Regulations
      3. All Other Regulations currently in force (numerically by C.F.R. title in ascending order)
      4. Proposed Rules not yet in force (numerically by future C.F.R. titles, if any, in ascending order; otherwise from most recently proposed to oldest)
      5. All Materials repealed (from most recently promulgated to oldest)
   2. R10.6.2. State:
      1. State (alphabetize according to state), currently in force, then repealed
   3. R10.6.3. Foreign:
      1. Foreign (alphabetize according to jurisdiction), currently in force, then repealed
7. R10.7. R10.7. Resolutions, Decisions, and Regulations of Intergovernmental Organizations
   1. United Nations and League of Nations (from most recent to oldest by issuing body, listing General Assembly first, then Security Council, then other organs alphabetically)
   2. Other Organizations (in alphabetical order by name)
8. R10.8. Records, Briefs, and Petitions are cited in the same order as discussed in Rule 10.4. Briefs from the same case and court are ordered: (i) plaintiff/petitioner; (ii) defendant/respondent; (iii) amicus curiae (alphabetize according to amicus party)
9. R10.9. Secondary Materials
   1. Uniform Codes, Model Codes, and Restatements, in that order (from most recent to oldest within each category)
   2. Books, Pamphlets, and Shorter Works in a collection of single author’s works (in alphabetical order by author’s last name; when there is no author, by the title’s first word)
   3. Journal Pieces (excluding magazines, newspapers, and student-written materials), including Forthcoming Works and Shorter Works in a collection of various authors’ works (in alphabetical order by first author’s last name)
   4. Book Reviews not written by students (alphabetize according to reviewer’s last name)
   5. Student-Written Law Review Pieces including Book Reviews (in alphabetical order by author’s last name; if there is no author, by the title’s first word; if there is no title, alphabetically by the periodical’s abbreviation)
   6. Annotations (from most recently published to oldest)
   7. Magazine and Newspaper Articles (in alphabetical order by author’s last name; if there is no author, by the title’s first word)
   8. Working Papers (in alphabetical order by author’s last name; if there is no author, by the title’s first word)
   9. Unpublished Materials not forthcoming (in alphabetical order by author’s last name; if there is no author, by the title’s first word)
   10. Electronic Sources, including Internet Sources (in alphabetical order by author’s last name; if there is no author, by the title’s first word)
10. R10.10.  Cross-references to the author’s own text or footnotes.

B. CASES

R11. Full citation

1. R11.1. Elements of a full citation. When providing a full citation to a case, you should generally include the following:
   1. case name;
   2. volume number, reporter, first page;
   3. pincite (the exact page number you are referring to, if necessary);
   4. court, year (see special instructions below for pending and unreported cases);
   5. explanatory parenthetical (if necessary);
   6. prior or subsequent history of the case (if any).

   Examples:

   • Leonard v. Pepsico, Inc., 88 F. Supp. 2d 116, 127 (S.D.N.Y. 1999) (“Plaintiff’s understanding of the commercial as an offer must also be rejected because the Court finds that no objective person could reasonably have concluded that the commercial actually offered consumers a Harrier Jet.”), aff’d, 210 F.3d 88 (2d Cir. 2000).
   • Toolson v. N.Y. Yankees, Inc., 346 U.S. 356 (1953) (per curiam) (affirming baseball’s exemption from the scope of federal antitrust laws).
2. R11.2. Case Name. Case names are often lengthy. Therefore when citing to a case, do not always include the case name in full.
   1. R11.2.1.

      When referring to a case with an individual’s name in the case name, use the person’s full family name (i.e., their last name). Delete first name and initials, except when the full name of the person is in a language that lists the surname first, or when referring to the name of a business or where the court has abbreviated the party’s surname.

      Example: Van Leeuwen v. Souto de Moura

      Example: James T. Kirk & Assocs. v. Luke S.

      Correct: Smith v. Jones
      Incorrect: Jonathan H. Smith v. Allison T. Jones

      Correct: Xu Lanting v. Wong
      Incorrect: Xu Lanting v. James Wong

   2. R11.2.2. Only include the last name of the first listed party of the plaintiffs and the first listed party of the defendants.
   3. R11.2.3. Italicize everything in the case name, but don’t italicize the comma at the end of the case name. Exception for law review articles: do not italicize case names in law review full citations, but do italicize case names in law review article short form citations and procedural phrases such as “In re.”
   4. R11.2.4.

      Delete “et al.”, nicknames, and aliases.

      Correct: Jackson v. Leviston
      Incorrect: Curtis James Jackson III, p/k/a 50 Cent v. Lastonia Leviston

   5. R11.2.5. Replace procedural phrases, and omit all besides the first procedural phrase.

      1. When you see “on the relation of,” “on behalf of,” and similar expressions, replace with “ex rel.”

         Correct: Affleck ex rel. Damon v. Kimmel
         Incorrect: Ben Affleck, on behalf of Matt Damon v. Jimmy Kimmel, et al.

      2. When you see “in the matter of,” “petition of,” and similar expressions, replace with “In re”, except do not use “In re”, or any procedural phrases besides “ex rel.” when the case name contains the name of an adversary.

         Correct: In re Nat’l Football League Players’ Concussion Injury Litig.
         Incorrect: In the Matter of Nat’l Football League Players’ Concussion Injury Litig.

         Correct: Estate of Jones v. Smith
         Incorrect: In re Estate of Jones v. Smith

   6. R11.2.6.

      Abbreviate words in case names according to Table T11. If the resulting abbreviation is not ambiguous, words of eight or more letters may be abbreviated to save substantial space. Also omit terms such as “L.L.C.” and “Inc.” that indicate the party is a business when that fact is made clear because the party name includes a word such as “Co.” or “Ins.”

      Correct: Cont’l Paper Bag Co. v. E. Paper Bag Co.
      Incorrect: Continental Paper Bag Company v. Eastern Paper Bag Co.

      Exception: do not abbreviate if the citation appears in a textual sentence as explained in Rule 11.2.19, below

   7. R11.2.7.

      Abbreviate countries, states, and other geographical places according to Table T12.

      Correct: Church of Scientology of Cal. v. Blackman
      Incorrect: Church of Scientology of California v. Blackman

      Exception: if the geographical place is one of the parties in the case, do not abbreviate it

      Correct: South Dakota v. Fifteen Impounded Cats
      Incorrect: S.D. v. Fifteen Impounded Cats

      Exception: do not abbreviate if the geographical place is part of a citation that appears in a textual sentence as explained in Rule 11.2.19, below

   8. R11.2.8.

      Spell out “United States” when it is a named party.

      Correct: United States v. Ninety Five Barrels, More or Less
      Incorrect: U.S. v. Ninety Five Barrels, More or Less

   9. R11.2.9.

      Omit “People of,” “State of,” and “Commonwealth of,” unless citing a court located in that state, in which case retain only “People,” “State,” or “Commonwealth.”

      Correct: Lessig v. Colorado, 17 U.S. 107 (1998).
      Incorrect: Lessig v. State of Colorado, 17 U.S. 107 (1998).

      Correct: Lessig v. State, 109 P.3d 224 (Colo. 1997).
      Incorrect: Lessig v. State of Colorado, 109 P.3d 224 (Colo. 1997).

   10. R11.2.10.

       Omit phrases such as “Town of” and “City of” if the expression does not comprise the first part of the name of a party.

       Correct: James v. Village of Jamestown
       Incorrect: James v. Jamestown
       

       Correct: James v. King of Jamestown
       Incorrect: James v. King of the Village of Jamestown

   11. R11.2.11.

       Do not include a prepositional phrase indicating location, unless the resulting party name would have only one word, or the phrase is part of a business’ full name.

       Correct: Stevenson v. Board of Trade
       Incorrect: Stevenson v. Board of Trade of Colorado

       Correct: ACLU of N.D. v. Jones
       Incorrect: ACLU v. Jones

       Correct: Dam Things from Denmark v. Russ Berrie & Co.
       Incorrect: Dam Things v. Russ Berrie & Co.

   12. R11.2.12.

       Include geographical designations introduced by a preposition, but omit those that follow a comma. Use “United States” instead of “United States of America,” but otherwise omit designations of national or larger geographical areas.

       Correct: Cal. Bd. of Commerce v. City of Sacramento
       Incorrect: Cal. Bd. of Commerce v. City of Sacramento, California

   13. R11.2.13.

       Delete “the” as the first word of a party’s name, unless the party is “The Queen” or the “The King,” or when referring to the established popular name in a citation or citation clause.

       Example: The Railroad Comm’n Cases

       Correct: Int’l Soc’y for Krishna Consciousness of Cal., Inc. v. City of Los Angeles
       Incorrect: Int’l Soc’y for Krishna Consciousness of Cal., Inc. v. The City of Los Angeles

       Exception: retain “the” if it is part of the name of the object of an in rem action.

       Correct: In re the Snug Harbor
       Incorrect: In re Snug Harbor

   14. R11.2.14. The Commissioner of Internal Revenue should be cited as “Commissioner” (abbreviated as “Comm’r” in citations).

       Correct: Plainfield-Union Water Co. v. Comm’r
       Incorrect: Plainfield-Union Water Co. v. Commissioner of Internal Revenue

   15. R11.2.15.

       For cases with multiple dispositions, include an italicized identifier if useful. In future citations of that case, the identifier can replace the full case name.

       Example: Liriano v. Hobart Corp. (Liriano II), 92 N.Y.2d 232 (1998).

       Example: Liriano v. Hobart Corp. (Liriano III), 170 F.3d 264, 266 (2d Cir. 1999) (citing Liriano II, 92 N.Y.2d at 236–37).

   16. R11.2.16.

       If a mandamus action is known by the name of the judge against whom the writ is sought, that name can be indicated in an italicized parenthetical.

       Example: Jones v. United States District Court (Smith), 89 U.S. 233 (2011).

   17. R11.2.17.

       If a case is known both by the reported name and a distinct short form name, always include the reported name in a full citation. The short name may be included in italics in a parenthetical.

       Example: Indus. Union Dep’t, AFL-CIO v. Am. Petroleum Inst. (The Benzene Case), 448 U.S. 607, 645 (1980).

   18. R11.2.18.

       Abbreviate any commonly recognized organizations, such as the SEC and the ACLU.

       Correct: Red Lion Broad. Co. v. FCC, 395 U.S. 367 (1969).
       Incorrect: Red Lion Broad. Co. v. Federal Communications Commission, 395 U.S. 367 (1969).

   19. R11.2.19.

       If you’re including the case name within a sentence (instead of a citation sentence or clause or a footnote) do NOT abbreviate words listed in the tables referenced in Rule 11.2.6 and Rule 11.2.7 above.

       Correct: According to Texas Department of Community Affairs v. Burdine, once the plaintiff has established a prima facie case, there is a rebuttable presumption of unlawful discrimination. 450 U.S. 248, 254 (1981).
       Incorrect: According to Texas Dep’t of Cmty. Affairs v. Burdine, once the plaintiff has established a prima facie case, there is a rebuttable presumption of unlawful discrimination. 450 U.S. 248, 254 (1981).

       Exception: Shorten well-known acronyms and the following eight words: “&,” “Ass’n,” “Bros.,” “Co.,” “Corp.,” “Inc.,” “Ltd.,” and “No.”

       Correct: In McDonnell Douglas Corp. v. Green, the Supreme Court held that in a disparate treatment case, the plaintiff bears the initial burden of establishing a prima facie case of employment discrimination. 411 U.S. 792 (1973).
       Incorrect: In McDonnell Douglas Corporation v. Green, the Supreme Court held that in a disparate treatment case, the plaintiff bears the initial burden of establishing a prima facie case of employment discrimination. 411 U.S. 792 (1973).

3. R11.3. Volume Number, Reporter, First page. The citation should include: volume number of the reporter, abbreviated name of the reporter (listed by jurisdiction in accordance with Table T1), first page of the case.
   • Example: Terrible v. Terrible, 534 P.2d 919 (Nev. 1975) (denying ex-husband’s petition to split up property he and ex-wife owned as tenants in common).

   This is how you decode case citations. The left column shows what your citation should look like. The right column shows what the citation means for someone looking for the case.

Citation	Reporter
Demosthenes v. Baal, 495 U.S. 731 (1990).	Vol. 495, p. 731 of United States Reports
United States v. $124,570 U.S. Currency, 873 F.2d 1240 (9th Cir. 1989).	Vol. 873, p. 1240 of Federal Reporter, Second Series
Gucci America, Inc. v. Guess?, Inc., 831 F. Supp. 2d 723 (S.D.N.Y. 2011).	Vol. 831, p. 723 of Federal Supplement, Second Series
Hamburger v. Fry, 338 P.2d 1088 (Okla. 1958).	Vol. 338, p. 1088 of Pacific Reporter, Second Series
Camp v. Superman, 119 Vt. 62 (1955).	Vol. 119, p. 62 of Vermont Reports

4. R11.4. Pincite. To direct the reader to the specific page you are referring to, you must include a pincite after you list the first page where the case is found in the reporter. If the pincite is the first page of the opinion, be sure to still include it by just repeating the number.
   • Example: Mattel, Inc. v. MCA Records, Inc., 296 F.3d 894, 908 (9th Cir. 2002) (“The parties are advised to chill.”)
   • Example: Brown v. State, 216 S.E.2d 356, 356 (Ga. Ct. App. 1975) (“The D. A. was ready. His case was red-hot. Defendant was present, His witness was not.”).

5. R11.5. Pincite referencing multiple pages or a page range:
   1. Multiple pages: Gordon v. Secretary of State of New Jersey, 460 F. Supp. 1026, 1026, 1028 (D.N.J. 1978) (dismissing a complaint charging that plaintiff, by reason of his illegal incarceration in jail, had been deprived of the office of the President of the United States).
   2. Page range: Helton v. State, 311 So. 2d 381, 382–84 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 1975) (reciting the prosecutor’s closing arguments in a parody of “’Twas the Night Before Christmas”).
   3. Passim. If your proposition appears in many locations in the opinion, or if you are referring to a general idea that pervades a source, feel free to append the word “passim” instead of a pincite.
   • Example: Anyone alive in the eighteenth century would have known that the problem of determining a ship’s longitude at sea was one of the most prominent scientific quests of the day. Dava Sobel, Longitude: The True Story of a Lone Genius Who Solved the Greatest Scientific Problem of His Time passim (1995).

• Example: Selmon v. Hasbro Bradley, Inc., 669 F. Supp. 1267, 1272–73 (S.D.N.Y. 1987) (comparing a “Leo-Lamo” (a hybrid lion/lamb animal character) to a “Bumblelion” (a hybrid bumblebee/lion toy animal) in the context of a copyright infringement claim).

6. R11.6. Citing a footnote. To cite a footnote, provide a page number followed immediately with a footnote number, using “n.” to show footnote number. There is no space between “n.” and the footnote number:
   • Example: Davis v. City of New York, 902 F. Supp. 2d 405, 412 n.22 (S.D.N.Y. 2012) (describing how Jay-Z “showcased his knowledge of these Fourth Amendment rights” in his song 99 Problems).

R12. Court & Year

1. R12.1. Citations should include both the deciding court and the year of decision in parentheses.
2. R12.2. See Table T1 for how to abbreviate the names of all U.S. federal and state courts.

See the chart below for common examples:

Court	Rule	Example
United States Supreme Court	Use U.S. if the opinion is published in the United States Reports. If not, use S. Ct. ***When citing to a Supreme Court decision, just cite the year and omit the court’s name.	Two Pesos, Inc. v. Taco Cabana, Inc., 505 U.S. 763 (1992). Brown v. Entm’t Merchs. Ass’n, 131 S. Ct. 2729, 2738 (2011) (noting that Justice Alito has done “considerable independent research” on violent video games for his dissent).
Federal Courts of Appeals	Either F., F.2d, or F.3d, depending on the decision.	Batman v. Commissioner, 189 F.2d 107 (5th Cir. 1951). Nance v. United States, 299 F.2d 122, 124 (D.C. Cir. 1962) (“How do you know it was me, when I had a handkerchief over my face?”).
Federal District Courts	Either F. Supp. or F. Supp. 2d depending on the decision.	Frigaliment Importing Co. v. B.N.S. International Sales Corp., 190 F. Supp. 116, 117 (S.D.N.Y. 1960) (“The issue is, what is chicken?”). Cartier v. Aaron Faber Inc., 512 F. Supp. 2d 165 (S.D.N.Y. 2007).
State High Courts	Cite to the regional reporter for the region in which the court sits, if the opinion appears there. If not, cite to the state’s official reporter, as listed in Table T1. Note: If citing an official reporter that publishes only decisions of the state’s highest court (e.g., “Cal.” for the California Supreme Court’s reporter), do not include the court’s name in parentheses.	Terrible v. Terrible, 534 P.2d 919 (Nev. 1975). State v. One 1970 2-Door Sedan Rambler, 136 N.W. 59 (Neb. 1974).
Other State Courts	Cite to the regional reporter for the region in which the court sits, if the opinion appears there. If not, cite to the state’s official reporter in Table T1. Note: Do NOT include the department or district of intermediate state courts.	Brown v. Swindell, 198 So. 2d 432, 434 (La. Ct. App. 1967) (holding plaintiff could not recover damages for emotional distress allegedly due to embarrassment of owning a three-legged dog). State v. Stroud, 30 Wash. App. 392 (1981).

3. R12.3. Parallel Citation in State Court Documents
   1. R12.3.1. When submitting documents to state courts, follow the local rules for citations in Table T3.
   2. R12.3.2. State courts’ local rules often require a parallel citation: i.e., a citation to both the official state reporter and the unofficial regional and/or state-specific reporter, the latter following the former.
   3. R12.3.3. Two important notes:
      • Use one pincite per reporter citation.
      • When the official reporter title makes the state or court name apparent, then don’t include it again in parentheses.
      • Example: Harden v. Playboy Enterprises, Inc., 261 Ill. App. 3d 443, 633 N.E.2d 764 (1993).
4. R12.4. Special Note on Pending and Unreported Cases: Some cases or opinions are not assigned to reporters. They generally can be found in one of the following three sources:
   1. R12.4.1.

      LEXIS and Westlaw cases: Citations to these electronic databases are similar to regular citations, except that they (a) replace the case code with a docket number and a database code supplied by LEXIS or Westlaw, and (b) include the full date of the decision in the following parenthetical, not just the year.

      Citations to these electronic databases should be formatted as follows: Case Name, case docket number, database identifier and electronic report number, at *star page number (court, full date).

      • Example: Yates v. United States, No. 13-7451, 2015 U.S. LEXIS 1503, at *40 (Feb. 25, 2015) (Citing Dr. Seuss, Justice Kagan explained, “[a] fish is, of course, a discrete thing that possesses physical form.”).
      • Example: State v. Green, No. 2012AP1475-CR, 2013 WL 5811261, at *7 (Wis. Ct. App. Oct. 30, 2013) (rejecting Green’s argument that there was a reversible error due to bailiff’s distribution of leftover Halloween candy to the jury).
   2. R12.4.2. Slip opinions: A slip opinion is a published decision by a court that has not yet been included in a reporter. If there is a slip opinion for an unreported case, but it’s not in LEXIS or Westlaw, include the docket number, the court, and the full date of the most recent major disposition of the case:
      • Example: Beastie Boys v. Monster Energy Co., No. 12 Civ. 6065 (S.D.N.Y. Dec. 4, 2014).
   3. R12.4.3. Opinions only available online, but not in an electronic database: Some cases, particularly ones that are pending, may be accessed only through a court’s website. If so, include the URL.
      • Example: Macy’s Inc. v. Martha Stewart Living Omnimedia, Inc., No. 1728, slip op. at 1 (N.Y. App. Div. Feb. 26, 2015), http://www.nycourts.gov/reporter/3dseries/2015/2015_01728.htm.
   4. R12.4.4. Different courts and publishers use different acronyms to identify civil and criminal docket numbers (e.g., CIV-A, Civ. A., Civ., No., etc.). Cite to the case docket number exactly as it appears. If a case has more than one docket number, these acronyms do not need to be included after the first reference:
      • Example: In re Salomon Inc. Sec. Litig., Nos. 91 Civ. 5442 (RPP), 91 Civ. 5471, 1992 WL 150762 (S.D.N.Y. Nov. 13, 1992).

R13. Weight of Authority and Explanatory Parenthetical

1. R13.1.

   To highlight information regarding the weight of the cited authority (e.g., for concurring and dissenting opinions), insert an additional parenthetical after the date parenthetical. Remember to separate the parentheticals with a space.

   Examples:

   • United States v. Leggett, 23 F.3d 409 (6th Cir. 1994) (unpublished table decision).
   • Ward v. Rock Against Racism, 491 U.S. 781 (1989) (Marshall, J., dissenting).
   • Harris v. State, 887 S.W.2d 514 (Ark. 1994) (per curiam).
   • Dep’t of Revenue v. James B. Beam Distilling Co., 377 U.S. 341, 349 (1964) (7–2 decision) (Black, J., dissenting) (disagreeing with Justice Goldberg as to the relative merits of bourbon and scotch).
2. R13.2.

   To explain the proposition for which the case stands, insert an explanatory parenthetical.

   Examples:

   • Stambovsky v. Ackley, 572 N.Y.S.2d 672, 674 (App. Div. 1991) (“[A]s a matter of law, the house is haunted.”).
   • People v. Foranyic, 74 Cal. Rptr. 2d 804, 807 (Ct. App. 1998) (police have probable cause to detain someone they see riding a bike at 3 a.m., carrying an axe).

R14. History of the Case

1. R14.1. When citing a case, include the prior or subsequent history of the case, subject to several exceptions. Refer to Table T14 for how to abbreviate explanatory phrases when introducing case history. Italicize the explanatory phrase.

2. R14.2.

   Always use the following explanatory phrases when applicable and italicize them:

   • aff’d
   • aff’g
   • cert. denied (but drop this explanatory phrase when the Supreme Court’s certiorari denial is more than two years in the past)
   • cert. granted
   • rev’d
   • rev’d on other grounds

   Examples:

   • Energy & Env’t Legal Inst. v. Epel, 43 F. Supp. 3d 1171 (D. Colo. 2014), aff’d, 793 F.3d 1169 (10th Cir.), cert. denied, 136 S. Ct. 595 (2015).
   • In re Verizon Internet Servs., Inc., 257 F. Supp. 2d 244 (D.D.C.), rev’d on other grounds, Recording Indus. Ass’n of Am., Inc. v. Verizon Internet Servs., Inc., 351 F.3d 1229 (D.C. Cir. 2003).

3. R14.3.

   When the case has a different name in the subsequent history, provide the new case name after the italicized phrase “sub nom.” (“under the name of”).

   Example: Lerman v. Comm’r, 939 F.2d 44 (3d Cir. 1991), rev’d sub nom. Horn v. Comm’r, 968 F.2d 1229 (D.C. Cir. 1992).

   Exception: Do not provide the new case name if either the parties’ names are merely reversed or if the subsequent history is simply a denial of certiorari or rehearing:

   Correct: United States v. Schmuck, 840 F.2d 384 (7th Cir. 1988), aff’d, 489 U.S. 705 (1989).

   Incorrect: United States v. Schmuck, 840 F.2d 384 (7th Cir. 1988), aff’d, Schmuck v. United States, 489 U.S. 705 (1989).

R15. Short Form Citation for Cases

1. R15.1. In Text
   1. R15.1.1. The first time a case is mentioned in the text, include a full citation as shown here:
      • Example: In Fenton v. Quaboag Country Club, the court held that the house owners were entitled to an abatement of the trespasses by flying golf balls. 233 N.E.2d 216, 219 (Mass. 1968).
      • Example: In Fenton v. Quaboag Country Club, 233 N.E.2d 216, 219 (Mass. 1968), the court held that the house owners were entitled to an abatement of the trespasses by flying golf balls.
   2. R15.1.2. For subsequent cites in text, refer to one party’s name (or an unambiguous reference to the case name), as well as a short form citation in the form of volume Name of Reporter at pincite, as shown here:
      • Example: The court in Fenton also held that there was error in the award of damages based on loss of fair market value of property due to the flying balls. 233 N.E.2d at 219.
2. R15.2. In Citations
   1. R15.2.1. If the reference is unambiguous and the full citation is easily accessible elsewhere, then you may use a short form citation.
   2. R15.2.2. For cases, a short form citation usually includes: The First Party of the Case Name, volume number Reporter at pincite.
      • Example: Malletier v. Dooney & Bourke, Inc., 500 F. Supp. 2d 276, 279 (S.D.N.Y. 2007) becomes Malletier, 500 F. Supp. 2d at 281.
   3. R15.2.3. Don’t use the first party of the case name if that party either is a geographical or governmental unit or a party name that is used for multiple cases. Otherwise, it may confuse the reader.
      • Example: United States v. Carmel, 548 F.3d 571 (7th Cir. 2008) becomes Carmel, 548 F.3d at 573.
      • Example: Gonzalez v. Raich, 545 U.S. 1 (2005) becomes Raich, 545 U.S. at 8.
   4. R15.2.4. Shorten a long party name . . . but only if the reference remains clear.
      • Example:A Book Named “John Cleveland’s Memoirs of a Woman of Pleasure” v. Attorney Gen. of Com. of Mass., 383 U.S. 413, 418 (1966) can become Memoirs, 383 U.S. at 418.

3. R15.3. Using Id.
   1. R15.3.1. If you are citing to the same case referenced in the immediately preceding citation, use id. as the short form citation.
   2. R15.3.2. Id. should be used only if the preceding citation cites to one source.
      • Correct: In examining the third factor—the proximity of the parties’ products in the marketplace—courts assess whether the parties occupy “distinct merchandising markets.” Hormel Foods Corp. v. Jim Henson Prods., Inc., 73 F.3d 497, 504 (2d Cir. 1996); Naked Cowboy v. CBS, 844 F. Supp. 2d 510, 517–18 (S.D.N.Y. 2012). For example, would an unsophisticated viewer confuse the source of the long-running daytime television series with another party’s street performances or his souvenirs? Naked Cowboy, 844 F. Supp. 2d at 517–18.
      • Incorrect: In examining the third factor—the proximity of the parties’ products in the marketplace—courts assess whether the parties occupy “distinct merchandising markets.” Hormel Foods Corp. v. Jim Henson Prods., Inc., 73 F.3d 497, 504 (2d Cir. 1996); Naked Cowboy v. CBS, 844 F. Supp. 2d 510, 517–18 (S.D.N.Y. 2012). For example, would an unsophisticated viewer confuse the source of the long-running daytime television series with another party’s street performances or his souvenirs? Id.
   3. R15.3.3. If you are referring to the immediately preceding case, but to a different page, use id. at pincite.
      • Example: In addition to suing all the federal judges in the Southern District of Georgia, the plaintiff also requested the government to fund a sex change for him. Washington v. Alaimo, 934 F. Supp. 1395, 1398 (S.D. Ga. 1996). Accordingly, the court ordered plaintiff to show cause why he should not be sanctioned for "filing a motion for improper purposes," such as those hinted at in the title of the pleading, "Motion to Kiss My Ass." Id. at 1401.
   4. R15.3.4. Id. can be used for all types of authorities—not only for cases.
      • Example: After conducting research on the use of Yiddish words in law, the authors found that the word “chutzpah” had appeared in 101 cases since 1980. Alex Kozinski & Eugene Volokh, Lawsuit Shmawsuit, 103 Yale L.J. 463, 463 (1993). Their search for the use of “schmuck” was impeded “by the fact that many people are actually named Schmuck.” Id. at 464–65.
      • Example: The Supreme Court has consistently proven hostile to any statute that could be interpreted as imposing prior restraint on publications. See, e.g., Near v. Minnesota ex rel. Olson, 283 U.S. 697 (1931) (holding that a statute that enabled the state to close down newspapers on grounds they contributed to public nuisance violated the Fourteenth Amendment). The conspicuous absence of prior restraint laws in our nation’s history are indicative of a consistent belief they violate constitutional rights. Id. at 718.

C. STATUTES, RULES, REGULATIONS, AND OTHER LEGISLATIVE & ADMINISTRATIVE MATERIALS

R16. Federal Statutes

1. R16.1. Basic citation form
   1. R16.1.1. A full citation to a federal statute includes three things: (1) the official name of the statute; (2) the published source where the act may be found; and (3) indication of either (i) the source publication date or (ii) the year the statute was passed.
   2. R16.1.2. U.S. Code: For citations to the U.S. Code (the preferred citation): Name of Statute [optional], title no. U.S.C. § section no. (year published).
      1. The U.S.C. is codified once every six years. Therefore, citations to the U.S.C. should be to the appropriate codifying year (e.g., 2000, 2006, 2012). Cite the most recent edition that includes the version of the statute being cited.
      2. Supplements: If you are citing to a statute that may have been amended after the most recent official codification, be sure to consult the supplements, which are published each year between codifications and are cumulative.

      Examples:

      • Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, 21 U.S.C. § 387 (2012).
      • Lanham (Trademark) Act, 15 U.S.C. §§ 1051–1141n (2012).
      • Communications Act of 1934, 47 U.S.C. § 223 (2012 & Supp. I 2013).
   3. R16.1.3. U.S. Code Annotated: If the U.S.C. cite is not available, then cite to the U.S. Code Annotated. The citation form is Name of Statute, title no. U.S.C.A. § section no. (Name of Publisher year published).
      1. Note: Electronic databases like Westlaw or LEXIS generally refer to the most recent unofficial code, such as “U.S.C.A” (United States Code Annotated).
      2. List of common unofficial codes. U.S.C.A. is preferred.
         • United States Code Annotated, “U.S.C.A.” (published by West).
         • United States Code Service, “U.S.C.S.” (published by LexisNexis).
         • Gould’s United States Code Unannotated, “U.S.C.U.” (published by Gould).

      Examples:

      • Stored Communications Act, 18 U.S.C.A. §§ 2701–2711 (West 2000).
      • Mineral Leasing Act of 1920, 30 U.S.C.S. §§ 181–287 (LexisNexis 2015).
   4. R16.1.4. Pinpoint citations: To cite to an individual provision within a statute, use the following form: Name of Statute original section number, title no. Abbreviation for Name of Statutory Code § section no. (Name of Publisher, but only if citing unofficial code year published)
      1. Include the original section number of the provision after the statute name.
      2. “Original section number” refers to the section in the original act, whereas “section number” refers to the equivalent section as codified in the code.

      Examples:

      • Drug Price Competition and Patent Term Restoration Act § 202, 17 U.S.C. § 271(e) (2012).
      • Digital Millennium Copyright Act of 1998 § 103, 17 U.S.C.A. § 1201 (West 2008).
   5. R16.1.5. Official Session Laws: If neither a U.S. Code or U.S. Code Annotated citation is available, then cite to official session laws, using the following forms:
      1. Cite without pinpoint: Name of Statute, Pub. L. No. ____, volume Stat. page number (year passed).
      2. Cite with pinpoint: Name of Statute, Pub. L. No. ____, original section number, volume Stat. page number, page pinpoint (year passed).

      Examples:

      • Family Sponsor Immigration Act of 2002, Pub. L. No. 107-150, 116 Stat. 74.
      • Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, Pub. L. No. 111-148, § 1101, 124 Stat. 119, 141–43 (2010).

R17. State Statutes

1. R17.1. Official state codes: You should cite state statutes to official codes if at all possible. State code compilations are ranked by order of preference (in a manner that seems arbitrary); those rankings are available in Table T3.
2. R17.2.

   The elements of a citation to a state code include: Name of Code, abbreviated § section no. (year published)

   Examples:

   • Ala. Code § 13A-12-5(a)(1) (2000) (“A person commits the offense of unlawful bear exploitation if he or she knowingly . . . [p]romotes, engages in, or is employed at a bear wrestling match.”).
   • N.Y. Arts & Cult. Aff. Law § 60.03 (McKinney 2000) (prohibiting the sale of knowingly forged sports personality autographs).

R18. Rules of Procedure and Evidence, Restatements, and Uniform Acts

1. R18.1. Rules of Evidence and Procedure
   1. R18.1.1.

      Cite current or uniform rules of evidence or procedure by indicating the abbreviation of the source, followed by the rule number (no comma in between).

      Examples:

      • Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(1).
      • Fed. R. App. P. 1.
      • Unif. R. Evid. 601.
   2. R18.1.2. We do not mandate specific abbreviations, but here are several suggestions:
      • Federal Rules of Civil Procedure: Fed. R. Civ. P.
      • Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure: Fed. R. Crim. P.
      • Federal Rules of Appellate Procedure: Fed. R. App. P.
      • Federal Rules of Evidence: Fed. R. Evid.
2. R18.2. Restatements
   1. R18.2.1. Cite Restatements by indicating the title of the particular Restatement cited, followed by the number of the section containing the material you are referencing, followed by the name of the publisher and the year published in parentheses.
      • Do not use a comma in between title and section number, or between the section number and the year parenthetical.
      • You may in addition refer to a comment by its letter designation if the material you are citing is contained in a comment.
      • Comments are abbreviated “cmt.”

      Examples:

      • Restatement (Second) of Trusts § 46 (Am. Law Inst. 1959).
      • Restatement (Third) of The Law Governing Lawyers § 2 cmt. e (Am. Law Inst. 2000).
      • Restatement (Third) of Prop.: Servitudes § 7.1 (Am. Law Inst. 2000).

3. R18.3. Uniform Commercial Code: Cites to the Uniform Commercial code take the following form: U.C.C. § section no. (publisher year published).
   • Example: U.C.C § 9-105 (Unif. Law Comm’n 2010).
4. R18.4. Uniform Laws Annotated: Citations to the Uniform Laws Annotated take the following form: Title of Act § section no., volume U.L.A. page (year published).
   1. Use the abbreviations specified in Table T11; thus, “Uniform” becomes “Unif.”

   2. Cite the title of the act in full, including year of enactment where it is included in the title.

      Examples:

      • Unif. Rules of Evidence (1974) § 702 note 24, 13E U.L.A. 114 (2011)
      • Unif. Mediation Act § 8, 7A Pt. III U.L.A. 137 (2006).

R19. Administrative Rules and Regulations

1. R19.1. Citations to “administrative” rules and regulations—that is, those promulgated by an administrative agency (e.g., the Environmental Protection Agency or the Food and Drug Administration)—take the following form: title number of CFR provision C.F.R. § section no. (year published).
2. R19.2. If the regulation is generally referred to by name or listing the name and/or the name of the agency issuing the regulation would otherwise improve clarity, include it at the beginning of the citation. Citations to administrative rules and regulations that include the regulation name take the following form: Name of the Regulation and/or Name of the Agency Promulgating the Regulation, title no. of CFR provision C.F.R. § section no. (year published).
3. R19.3.

   Include a parenthetical to explain content of rule or regulation where that information would be helpful.

   Examples:

   • 36 C.F.R. § 272.1 (2014) (defining the Forest Service’s iconic character as “a fanciful owl, who wears slacks (forest green when colored), a belt (brown when colored), and a Robin Hood style hat (forest green when colored) with a feather (red when colored), and who furthers the slogan, Give a Hoot, Don’t Pollute”).
   • DOE Employee Privacy Standards, 10 C.F.R. § 1008.3 (2000).

R20. Federal Taxation Materials

1. R20.1. Internal Revenue Code: Citations to the Internal Revenue Code take either of two forms:
   1. R20.1.1. Citations to the code itself take the following form: I.R.C. § section no. (year published).
   2. R20.1.2.

      Citations to Title 26 of the U.S. Code, which is where the Internal Revenue Code is codified, take the following form: 26 U.S.C. § section no. (year published).

      Examples:

      • I.R.C. § 312 (2014).
      • 26 U.S.C. § 312 (2014).
2. R20.2. Treasury Regulations

   • The Department of the Treasury issues Treasury Regulations pursuant to § 7805 of the Internal Revenue Code. Treasury Regulations are codified in Title 26 of the Code of Federal Regulations (“C.F.R.”), but should be cited as “Treas. Reg.” according to the following form: Treas. Reg. § section no. (year published). If the regulation is temporary, then begin the citation with Temp. Treas. Reg. instead.

     Examples:

     • Treas. Reg. § 1.414(r)-8 (1994).
     • Temp. Treas. Reg. § 1.274-5T(6) (1985).
3. R20.3. Treasury Determinations
   • Cite Revenue Rulings (“Rev. Rul.”), Revenue Procedures (“Rev. Proc.”), and Treasury Decisions (“T.D.”) to the following sources, in the following order of preference:
     • Cumulative Bulletin (“C.B.”)
     • Internal Revenue Bulletin (“I.R.B.”)
     • Treasury Decisions Under Internal Revenue Laws (“Treas. Dec. Int. Rev.”).
   • Examples:
     • Rev. Rul. 81-225, 1981-2 C.B. 12.
     • Rev. Proc. 97-27, 1997-21 I.R.B. 11.
     • T.D. 2135, 17 Treas. Dec. Int. Rev. 39 (1915).

R21. Legislative Materials

1. R21.1. Federal Bills and Resolutions

   If unenacted, cite as follows: name of bill, if helpful of 2002, abbreviation from the list below bill number, number of the Congress Name of the legislature (i.e. Cong.) § section, if not citing the entire bill (year of publication), with additional information when needed to distinguish between different versions of the bill in a given Congress, with names of subcommittees and committees abbreviated according to the form set out in Table T5, Table T11, and Table T12.

   Select an abbreviation based on the type of bill or resolution:

   Type	Abbreviation
   Senate Bill	S.
   House Bill	H.R.
   Senate Resolution	S. Res.
   House Resolution	H.R. Res.
   Senate Joint Resolution	S.J. Res.
   House Joint Resolution	H.R.J. Res.
   Senate Concurrent Resolution	S. Con. Res.
   House Concurrent Resolution	H.R. Con. Res.
   Senate Executive Resolution	S. Exec. Res.

   Examples:

   • S. 812, 108th Cong. (2003).
   • Clinical Social Work Medicare Equality Act of 2001, S. 1083, 107th Cong. § 2(b) (2001).
   • ABLE Act of 2014, H.R. 647, 113th Cong. (as passed by House, Dec. 3, 2014).
   • H.R. 1746, 111th Cong. § 2(c)(4) (as reported by H. Comm. on Transp. and Infrastructure, Apr. 23, 2009).
   • H.R. Res. 431, 114th Cong. (2015).
   • S.J. Res. 12, 109th Cong. (2005).

1. R21.2.

   Enacted federal bills and resolutions

   Once enacted, bills and joint resolutions are statutes and should be cited as such, except cite them as unenacted bills or resolutions when showing the legislation’s history. Cite enacted simple resolutions and concurrent resolutions as if they were unenacted, but add an “(enacted)” parenthetical if it would be helpful.

2. R21.3.

   State bills and resolutions

   Cite as follows: number of bill or resolution, number, or year if unnumbered, of the legislative body Name of the legislature (i.e. Leg.), number or designation of the legislative session (name of state, abbreviated as in Table T12.1 year of enactment, or of publication if unenacted).

   Examples:

   • L.D. 3, 127th Leg., Reg. Sess. (Me. 2015).
3. R21.4. Committee Hearings
   1. R21.4.1.

      Cite committee hearings as follows: full title of hearing: Hearing on Congressional bill number, if any Before the name of committee or subcommittee, number of the Congress optional pincite to page number year of publication name and title of speaker. For the names of subcommittees and committees, abbreviate according to the form set out in Table T5, Table T11, and Table T12. For the names of individuals, abbreviate using Table T10.

   2. R21.4.2.

      For state committee hearings, cite as follows: full title of hearing: Hearing on Legislative bill number, if any Before the name of committee or subcommittee, number of the legislative sessiond Name of the legislature (i.e. Leg.) optional pincite to page number (abbreviation for the state’s name from Table T12.1 year of publication) (name and title of speaker). For the names of subcommittees and committees, abbreviate according to the form set out in Table T5, Table T11, and Table T12. For the names of individuals, abbreviate using Table T10.

      Examples:

      • Cell Tax Fairness Act of 2008: Hearing on H.R. 5793 Before the Subcomm. on Commercial and Administrative Law of the H. Comm. on the Judiciary, 110th Cong. 12 (2008) (statement of Zoe Lofgren, Member, H. Comm. on the Judiciary).
      • Welfare and Poverty in America: Hearing Before the S. Comm. on Fin., 114th Cong. (2015) (statement of Dr. Pamela Loprest, Senior Fellow, Urban Institute).
      • Testimony from invited guests addressing the use of eminent domain in the State: Hearing Before the Assemb. Commerce and Econ. Dev. Com., 2006–2007 Sess. 5 (N.J. 2006) (statement of Guy R. Gregg, Assemblyman).
      • Hearing on L.D. 319 Before the Health and Human Servs. Comm., 127th Leg., Reg. Sess. (Me. 2015) (statement of Susan Lamb, Executive Director, Maine Chapter of the National Association of Social Workers).
4. R21.5. Federal reports
   1. R21.5.1.

      Cite numbered federal reports as follows: name of house, in small caps Rep. No. number of the Congress, followed by a hyphen and the number of the report, at optional pincite year of publication parenthetical to indicate conference report, if applicable

      Examples:

      • S. Rep. No. 106-261, at 441 (2000).
      • H.R. Rep. No. 110-803, at 105 (2008) (Conf. Rep.).
   2. R21.5.2.

      Citations to federal and state non-statutory legislative materials, including legislative history and unenacted bills, aren’t expressed in a uniform manner, but generally include the following elements:

      • title, if available,
      • name of legislative body, abbreviated
      • section number, page no. or number of report
      • number of Congress and/or legislative session
      • (publication year)
      • (if the bill or resolution was enacted). Only include this additional parenthetical if the bill was enacted; if unenacted, you don’t need to add anything extra.

      Examples:

      • Paycheck Fairness Act, H.R. 11, 111th Cong. § 203 (2009).
      • American Clean Energy and Security Act, H.R. 2454, 111th Cong. (2009).
      • S. 2318, 112th Cong. (2013) (enacted).

R22. Short Form Citation of Legislative and Administrative Materials

1. R22.1. The first time you mention a statute, rule, regulation, or legislative material, use the full citation.
2. R22.2. For subsequent citations in the same general discussion, you may use any short form that clearly identifies the source.
3. R22.3. Use of “id.”: see below . . .

Full citation	id. citation for same provision	id. citation for different provision within same title
7 U.S.C. § 7101 (2012).	Id.	Id. § 7102(26).
9 C.F.R. § 54.1 (2014).	Id.	Id. § 151.9.

R23. Sources and Authorities: Constitutions

1. R23.1. Citations to the U.S. Constitution follow a simple form, elaborated below:
   • U.S. Const. cited section of constitution, abbreviated number of article or amendment in Roman numeral form § and pinpoint, if applicable (additional information, if needed).
2. R23.2. Use Table T12 and Table T13 to find abbreviations.
3. R23.3. Citations to state constitutions are expressed the same format, substituting U.S. with the abbreviated name of the state.

• Examples:
  • U.S. Const. amend. XIII, § 1 (abolishing slavery in the United States).
  • U.S. Const. amend. XVIII (repealed 1933).
  • U.S. Const. pmbl.
  • Ariz. Const. art. XVI, § 2 (providing for the creation of a “National Guard of Arizona”).

D. COURT & LITIGATION DOCUMENTS

R24. Citing Court or Litigation Documents from Your Case

The full citation for a court or litigation document includes:

1. R24.1. Document title
   • Use the tables to figure out what to abbreviate.
     • Exception: Never abbreviate if the abbreviation would confuse the reader.
     • Always abbreviate an official record, such as the appellate record, to “R.”
   • Example: For their own profit and advantage, Defendants are misappropriating the non-transformed, copyrighted material in which each Plaintiff has invested heavily. Compl. for Copyright Infringement 11.
2. R24.2. The exact page and line (or paragraph) you’re referring to
   • Use “at” if citing to an appellate record.
   • Don’t use “p.” before the page number.
   • Use commas only if necessary to avoid confusion.
   • Use colon to separate page and line.
3. R24.3. Date of document, if the date is particularly relevant or omitting the date could cause confusion
   • Miller Aff. ¶ 8, Jan. 12, 2015.
   • Pl.’s Br. 4–5, May 7, 2014.
   • Trial Tr. vol. 3, 45, Mar. 5, 2015.
4. R24.4. Electronic Case Filing number, if applicable :
   • Include an ECF number in your own case whenever a document has been filed electronically. For other cases, the ECF number is optional unless it is necessary to find the document.
   • Find the ECF number on PACER, a federal case management system that assigns each case document a document number.
   • Use the page number on the original document, not the ECF page number.
5. R24.5. Citations to court or litigation documents may also be enclosed in parentheses:
   • (Mem. Opp’n 7)

Examples:

• Defendants’ evidence in support of their “fraud on the copyright office” defense consists of nothing more than unsupported assertions in their Motion, multiple irrelevant affidavits from previously undisclosed third parties, inadmissible correspondence between counsel, and examples of prior lawsuits that all ended short of judicial determination. Pl.’s Resp. to Defs.’ Mot. for Summ. J. at 14.
• Pl.’s Compl. ¶ 12, ECF No. 147.
• Sanchez Dep. 1:1–2, Jan. 3, 2005, ECF No. 8.

R25. Citing Court or Litigation Documents from Another Case

1. R25.1. After you cite to the document according to the rules set out directly above, add the full citation for the case where it comes from, and end with the case docket number in parentheses.
2. R25.2. If there has been no decision in the case you’re citing, then replace the year in parentheses with the date on which the filing was made.

Examples:

• Pl.’s Resp. to Defs.’ Mot. for Summ. J. at 14, Martinez-Mendoza v. Champion Int’l Corp., 340 F.3d 1200 (11th Cir. 2003) (No. 06-19139).
• Compl. at 5, Parsell v. Shell Oil Co., 421 F. Supp. 1275 (D. Conn. 1976).
• Compl. at 2, Jones v. Smith, No. 09-230 (9th Cir. Apr. 17, 2015)

R26. Short Form Citation for Court Documents

Use a short form citation for court documents when:

1. there is no mistaking what the short citation refers to;
2. the full citation is not too far away (the full citation can be to the case itself, any other document from the case, or to the same document); and
3. the reader has easy access to the full citation.

Don’t use “id.” for court documents, unless it saves a lot of space. Unlike cases, court documents may be cited using supra.

Examples:

Full Form (Original citation)	Short Form Citation (subsequent reference)
Pl.’s Resp. to Defs.’ Mot. for Summ. J. at 14, Martinez-Mendoza v. Champion Int’l Corp., 340 F.3d 1200 (11th Cir. 2003) (No. 06-19139).	Pl.’s Resp. to Defs.’ Mot. for Summ. J. at 14, Martinez-Mendoza, 340 F.3d 1200 (No. 06-19139).
Decl. of Martha Woodmansee at 7, Salinger v. Colting, 641 F. Supp. 2d 250 (S.D.N.Y. 2010) (No. 09 Civ. 05095).	Decl. of Martha Woodmansee at 7, Salinger, 641 F. Supp. 2d 250 (No. 09 Civ. 05095).

R27. Capitalization Within the Text of Court Documents and Legal Memoranda

1. R27.1.

   Capitalize “Court” if:

   • you are referring to the U.S. Supreme Court.
   • you are referring to the court you’re sending the document to.
   • you are naming the court in full.

   Example: The U.S. Court of Appeals held that actress’s performance satisfied minimum requirements for performance to be copyrightable.

   But: The Aalmuhammed court explained that “the word author is traditionally used to mean the originator or the person who causes something to come into being.”

2. R27.2. Capitalize “Plaintiff,” “Defendant,” “Appellant” and “Appellee,” unless you are referring to parties from other litigation.
   • Example: The Court concluded that it was unclear whether the Plaintiff had a copyright interest in her acting performance.
   • But, if referring to parties from other litigation: In Bobbs-Merrill the plaintiff-copyright owner sold its book with a printed notice announcing that any retailer who sold the book for less than one dollar was liable for copyright infringement.
3. R27.3. Capitalize court document titles if:
   • the document is filed in your dispute and
   • you’re using the exact title or short form. (Do not abbreviate court documents within the text.)
4. R27.4. Do not capitalize the name for a type of court document, such as an injunction, petition, etc.

E. BOOKS & NON-PERIODICALS

R28. Full Citation for Books & Non-Periodicals

A full citation to a book or other non-periodical is made up of the following elements:

1. Volume number (if there is more than one volume).
2. Names of the authors, as listed on the publication.
   • For two authors, list in the same order and use an “&.”
   • For more than two authors, use an “et al.” after the first name and stop there. (If you’re bored, feel free to list out all the authors with an “&” before the last.)
   • Use titles that follow an author’s name (Sr.) but not titles that precede them (Hon.)
3. Italicized title of the publication, capitalized as necessary.
   • For law review articles, use small caps for both the title and author, and do not italicize the title.
4. The exact page number you are referring to. If you are citing a work organized using sections or paragraphs, use those instead, adding a page number only if helpful.
5. Year of publication, name of editor or translator (if applicable), edition (if more than one), all in parentheses.
   • If listing an editor or a translator, then follow the name with ed., or trans., respectively. Include that comma before the year of publication.
   • Cite the most recent edition, unless you have a really good (read: substantive) reason for citing older.

Examples:

• Marc A. Franklin et al., Mass Media Law Cases and Materials 472 (8th ed. 2011).
• 1 Melville B. Nimmer & David Nimmer, Nimmer on Copyright § 1.01[B][1][a] at 1–14–15 (2011).
• Gabriel García Márquez, One Hundred Years of Solitude (Gregory Rabassa trans., Harper & Row 2003) (1967).
• Roger Angell, This Old Man, in The Best American Essays 2015 (Ariel Levy & Robert Atwan eds., 2015).

R29. Short Form Citation for Books & Non-Periodicals

1. R29.1. Id.: References to books or non-periodical material cited in the immediately preceding citation (when that citation contains only one source) should be followed by “id.”
   • Update the page number you’re referring to within that source, as needed.
   • Do not use for internal cross references, or for citing back to a body of collected works when you are really supposed to be citing a single work from that body.
2. R29.2. supra: Can be used instead of “id.” Supra should include:
   • last name of the author
   • italicize “supra”, but not the comma that follows
   • update the specific page you’re referring to

Examples:

Full:	Id.:	Supra
B.F. Skinner, Beyond Freedom and Dignity 32 (2002).	Id. at 21.	Skinner, supra, at 21.
3 Melville Nimmer & David Nimmer, Nimmer on Copyright § 12.01 (Rev. ed. 2015)	See id. § 14.02.	See Nimmer & Nimmer, supra, § 14.02
Graham C. Lilly et al., Principles of Evidence 122 (6th ed. 2012)	Id. at 88–103	Lilly et al., supra note 1, at 90

F. JOURNALS, MAGAZINES, & NEWSPAPER ARTICLES

R30. Full Citation for Journals, Magazines & Newspaper Articles

1. R30.1. Citations to consecutively paginated journals (that is, journals in which page numbering is continued from the last issue) take the following form: Author’s Name(s), Italicized Title of the Article, volume number, if applicable Name of Publication, abbreviated page number of first page of article cited, pincite, if citing to specific point (year published).
   • Example: Liz Brown, Bridging The Gap: Improving Intellectual Property Protection for the Look and Feel of Websites, 3 N.Y.U. J. Intell. Prop. & Ent. L. 310, 351 (2014).
2. R30.2. Citations to journals and magazines with standard pagination (that is, where pagination re-starts for every issue) take the following form: Author’s Name(s), Italicized Title of the Article, Name of Publication, abbreviated, full date of publication, at page number of first page of article cited. You may add a pincite to the end of the citation, if you are citing to a particular point in the article, in the following form: , pincite.
   • Example: Jack Dickey, The Power of Taylor Swift, Time, Nov. 24, 2014, at 13, 17.
3. R30.3.

   Citations to material written by students in law journals take the following form: Author’s Name(s), if signed with more than initials, Designation of Piece, Italicized Title of the Article, volume number, if applicable Name of Publication, abbreviated page number of first page of article cited, pincite, if citing to specific point (year published).

   Examples:

   • Amanda Levendowski, Note, Using Copyright to Combat Revenge Porn, 3 N.Y.U. J. Intell. Prop. & Ent. L. 422 (2014).
   • Victoria Nemiah, Note, License and Registration, Please: Using Copyright “Conditions” To Protect Free/Open Source Software, 3 N.Y.U. J. Intell. Prop. & Ent. L. 358, 361 (2014).
   • Comment, Law and Lawns: Mandatory Water Restrictions and Substantive Due Process, 7 Calif. L. Rev. 138 (1972).
4. R30.4.

   Citations to newspaper articles take the following form: Author’s Name(s), if signed, Italicized Title of the Article, Name of Publication, abbreviated, full date of publication, at number of first page of article.

   Examples:

   • Vikas Bajaj, Rules for the Marijuana Market, N.Y. Times, Aug. 5, 2014, at A20.
   • Charlie Savage, U.N. Commission Presses U.S. on Torture, N.Y. Times, Nov. 14, 2014, at A6.
   • Peter Baker & Julie Hirschfeld Davis, Obama, Down But Not Out, Presses Ahead, N.Y. Times, Nov. 14, 2014, at A1.

R31. Short Form Citation for Journals, Magazines & Newspaper Articles

If you have already cited a work from a periodical in full . . .

1. R31.1. Use “id.” to avoid placing two full citations that are exactly the same right next to each other.
   • Example: The 24-year-old pop star spoke with TIME this fall as she readied for the release of her new album and again as she watched its record reception. Jack Dickey, The Power of Taylor Swift, Time, Nov. 24, 2014, at 13. ‘Other women who are killing it should motivate you,’ she says. Id.
2. R31.2. Use “supra” when you’ve used the full citation before, but it’s not right next to the sentence you will provide the citation for now. Use a shortened title if you cite to multiple sources from the same author.
   • Example: Liz Brown, Bridging The Gap: Improving Intellectual Property Protection for the Look and Feel of Websites, 3 N.Y.U. J. Intell. Prop. & Ent. L. 310 (2014); Brown, Remixing Transformative Use, supra; Brown, Bridging The Gap, supra, at 320.

G. INTERNET SOURCES

R32. General Principles for Internet Sources

1. R32.1. When an authenticated, official, or exact copy of a document is available online, cite as if to the equivalent print source (i.e., URL information should not be included).
   • Exact copy: unaltered online reproduction of the entirety of a printed source, including pagination.
   • Official copy: version of document designated “official” by a federal, state, or local government.
   • Authenticated copy: source that uses some authenticating tool, such as a digital signature. This is generally the preferred version.
2. R32.2. For sources that are available in a non-internet source, append the URL to the end of the citation if doing so would make accessing the source significantly easier.
   • Example: Daniel E. Ho & Frederick Schauer, Testing the Marketplace of Ideas, 90 N.Y.U. L. Rev. 1160, 1175 (2015), http://www.nyulawreview.org/sites/default/files/pdf/NYULawReview-90-4-Ho_Schauer.pdf
3. R32.3. For Internet sources that have the characteristics of a print source, cite as if you were citing the print source, and append the URL to the end of the citation. Internet sources have the characteristics of a print source if the source has all the information needed to cite it according to another rule and the source has a fixed, permanent pagination (such as a PDF).
4. R32.4. For cites directly to webpages and other Internet sources, follow the formula in Rule 33, below.

R33. Basic Formula for Internet Sources

Citations to Internet sources follow this form: Author Name, Title of Website Page, Main Website Title, pincite (Date & Time Accessed), URL.

1. R33.1. Author Name(s)
   1. R33.1.1. Actual authors: When available, use the name(s) of the actual authors(s) of the source.
   2. R33.1.2. Institutional authors: When the name of the actual author is unavailable, use the name of the institution associated with the source if one is clearly apparent.
      • Institutional authors should be omitted if the website’s title makes the domain’s owner clear.
      • Institutional authors should be abbreviated (see Table T11 and Table T12 for abbreviations).
   3. R33.1.3. Forum authors: For web posts and comments, use the actual name of the post author, or the username of the post author if the actual name is not available.
      • For comments, the author of the comment should be included if available, but the author of the original post need not be cited.
   4. R33.1.4. If the name of the author is unavailable in each of the above forms, it may be omitted from the basic formula.
2. R33.2. Title of Specific Website Page
   1. R33.2.1. Include the particular cited page within the website. This title should be based on either the title bar or the heading of that page as viewed in the browser.
   2. R33.2.2. The included title should be informative but not unduly long, if possible.
   3. R33.2.3. Include the title of certain pages linked from main website when relevant, including postings, comments, and titles of subheadings (in italics). Where relevant, as in comments, subheadings should indicate their relationship to the page to which they are responsive.
      
   4. • Example: Mike Masnick, Left Shark Bites Back: 3D Printer Sculptor Hires Lawyer To Respond to Katy Perry’s Bogus Takedown, Techdirt (Feb. 9, 2015, 12:27 PM), https://www.techdirt.com/articles/20150209/11373729960/left-shark-bites-back-3d-printer-sculptor-hires-lawyer-to-respond-to-katy-perrys-bogus-takedown.shtml.
      • Example: nasch, Re: Costumes, IP, and Ownership Rights, Comment to Left Shark Bites Back, Techdirt (Feb. 14, 2015, 9:55 AM), https://www.techdirt.com/articles/20150209/11373729960/left-shark-bites-back-3d-printer-sculptor-hires-lawyer-to-respond-to-katy-perrys-bogus-takedown.shtml.
   5. R33.2.4. Descriptive titles (not italicized) may also be used where page headings alone are not clear.
      • Example: Parker Higgins & Sarah Jeong, Archive of 5 Useful Articles Newsletter, 5 Useful Articles, http://tinyletter.com/5ua (last visited Mar. 2, 2015).
3. R33.3. Main Website Title
   1. R33.3.1. Include the domain name/ homepage where the citation may be found.
   2. R33.3.2. Title should be abbreviated (see Table T12, Table T15, and Table T18 for abbreviations).

4. R33.4. Pincite
   1. R33.4.1. Include when an electronic document preserves the pagination of a printed version. Cite to pages as they would appear on the document if printed.
      • Example: James Huguenin-Love, Song on Wire: A Technical Analysis of ReDigi and the Pre-Owned Digital Media Marketplace, 4 N.Y.U. J. Intell. Prop. & Ent. L. 1, 4 (2014), http://jipel.law.nyu.edu/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/JIPEL-Winter-2014-Edition.pdf.
5. R33.5. Date & Time
   1. R33.5.1. Omit time (i) if the source is not updated throughout the day or (ii) if there is no time listed
   2. R33.5.2. If no date is provided cite to the last modified or last updated date for the URL, or, if none of the above are provided, use the last visited date. Any date cited in one of these three formats should be placed after the URL in the citation.
      • Example: ESPN, http://www.espn.go.com/ (last visited Apr. 8, 2015).
6. R33.6. URL
   1. R33.6.1. Cite in its entirety unless the URL is especially long or unwieldy.
   2. R33.6.2. If the URL is too long and unwieldy, cite just to the root URL and include a parenthetical directing the user to the specific material cited.
   3. R33.6.3. When helpful, include URL to an archived version of the webpage in brackets
   4. R33.6.4. When a website is served by multiple URLs, use the primary one.
      • Example: Chris Cillizza, Winners and Losers of the 2014 Midterm Elections, Wash. Post Blogs (Nov. 5, 2014, 10:25 AM), http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/the-fix/wp/2014/11/04/winners-and-losers-of-the-2014-election-early-edition/
      • Example: Laura Moy, Public Knowledge & Consumers Petition Copyright Office for Right to Unlock Access to Their Own Stuff, Public Knowledge Blogs (Nov. 3, 2014), https://www.publicknowledge.org/news-blog/blogs/public-knowledge-consumers-petition-copyright-office-for-right-to-unlock-ac.
      • Example: Google Books Ngram Viewer, Google, https://books.google.com/ngrams (select corpus “English Fiction”; then search for “Arrakis”) (last visited Apr. 17, 2012).
      • Example: Kevin Underhill, Gollum Experts to Testify, Says Court, Lowering the Bar (Dec. 4, 2015), http://www.loweringthebar.net/2015/12/gollum-experts.html [https://web.archive.org/web/20151208124302/http://www.loweringthebar.net/2015/12/gollum-experts.html]

R34. Short Form Citations for Internet Sources

Id. and supra can be used, together with the author name, as a short form citation following the full citation of an Internet source. Note: if no author is provided, use the title of the source (see section [NUMBER], above).

Examples:

• Full cite: Chris Cillizza, Winners and Losers of the 2014 Midterm Elections, Wash. Post Blogs (Nov. 5, 2014, 10:25 AM), http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/the-fix/wp/2014/11/04/winners-and-losers-of-the-2014-election-early-edition/
• Short form: Cillizza, supra.
• Full cite: Superfan Suits, http://www.superfansuits.com/ (last visited Feb. 21, 2015) (motto: “Tight and Bright. Since 2008”).
• Short form: Superfan Suits, supra.

H. EXPLANATORY PARENTHETICALS

Sometimes, it is helpful to include extra information to explain the relevance of certain citations. This information goes at the end of your citation but before any citation indicating subsequent history. Explanatory parentheticals may consist of present participles, direct quotations, or short statements.

R35. General Principles for Explanatory Parentheticals

1. R35.1. If not quoting the authority, do not begin parenthetical with capital letter.
   • Example: Dr. Seuss Enters., L.P. v. Penguin Books USA, Inc., 109 F.3d 1394 (9th Cir. 1997) (holding that publisher’s parody of O.J. Simpson murder trial was substantially similar to copyrighted work).
2. R35.2. If quoting the authority, only begin parenthetical with capital letter and end with a period when the parenthetical quoted is or reads as a complete sentence.
   • Example: See Ty, Inc. v. Publ’ns Int’l Ltd., 292 F.3d 512, 520 (7th Cir. 2002) (“[T]he shortage that creates the secondary market stampedes children into nagging their parents to buy them the latest Beanie Babies, lest they be humiliated by not possessing the Beanie Babies that their peers possess.”).

R36. Order of parentheticals

(date) [hereinafter short name] (en banc) (Lastname, J., concurring) (plurality opinion) (per curiam) (alteration in original) (emphasis added) (footnote omitted) (citations omitted) (quoting another source) (internal quotation marks omitted) (citing another source), http://www.domainname.com (explanatory parenthetical), prior or subsequent history.

When citing directly to Internet sources, the “hereinafter” parenthetical should come right after the URL or, if one exists, the “last visited” parenthetical.

I. QUOTATIONS

R37. General Principles for Quotations

1. R37.1. Quotations should be designated with quotation marks, except for block quotations.
2. R37.2. The quotation should flow with the rest of the text unless it is a block quotation (see below).
3. R37.3. Punctuation that is part of the quoted text should appear inside the quotation marks. Commas and periods that are not part of the quoted text should also appear inside the quotation marks.
4. R37.4. Insert the citation sentence for the quoted material directly after the close of the quotation marks.

R38. Alterations of Quotations

1. R38.1. Omission of Letters from a Common Root Word: Place an empty bracket at the end of a common root word to indicate the change.
   • Example: “The court dismissed the claim[].”
2. R38.2. Mistakes in the Original Quotation: To acknowledge a significant mistake in the original quotation, keep the problematic word or phrase and follow it with [sic] to indicate this to the reader.
   • Example: “The Copyright Office are [sic] a department of the Library of Congress.”
3. R38.3. Substitution of Letters or Words: Any substitutions into quoted material should be bracketed. This includes . . .
   • words which might add clarity and context
   • changes to the capitalization of letters
     • Example: “[T]he [Copyright] Office is a department of the Library of Congress.”
4. R38.4. Use of Parenthetical Clauses to Indicate Changes to Quotation
   • (emphasis added)
   • (alteration in original)
   • (citation omitted)
   • (emphasis omitted)
   • (internal quotation marks omitted)
   • (footnote omitted)
5. R38.5. When using a quotation within a quotation, you can either (1) attribute it to the original source with a parenthetical, or (2) acknowledge it by signalling that its citation has been omitted.

R39. Omissions in Quotations

1. R39.1. Generally
   • Omissions are indicated by an ellipsis [ . . . ]
   • The ellipsis in legal writing is represented by three periods, with a space after the last letter of the preceding phrase, a space between each period, and a space before the first letter of the following phrase.
   • An ellipsis never begins a quotation.
2. R39.2. When omitting the beginning of a quoted sentence, do not use an ellipsis. Instead, capitalize the first letter and place it in brackets.
   • Example: “[T]he actual knowledge provision turns on whether the provider actually or subjectively knew of specific infringement, while the red flag provision turns on whether the provider was subjectively aware of facts that would have made the specific infringement objectively obvious to a reasonable person.”
3. R39.3. When omitting the middle of a quoted sentence, insert an ellipsis to indicate the omission
   • Example: “The difference between actual and red flag knowledge is . . . between a subjective and an objective standard.”
4. R39.4. When Using a Quotation as a Complete Sentence
   • Example: “The difference between actual and red flag knowledge is thus not between specific and generalized knowledge, but instead between a subjective and an objective standard. In other words, the actual knowledge provision turns on whether the provider actually or subjectively knew of specific infringement, while the red flag provision turns on whether the provider was subjectively aware of facts that would have made the specific infringement objectively obvious to a reasonable person.” Viacom Int’l, Inc. v. YouTube, Inc., 676 F.3d 19, 31 (2d Cir. 2012).
5. R39.5. When Using a Quotation as a Phrase or Clause: If there is an omission within the quotation, mark the omission with an ellipsis.
   • Example: Exxon Mobil Corp. v. Allapattah Servs., Inc., 545 U.S. 546, 571 (2005) (noting that “[t]he distinguished jurists who drafted the Subcommittee Working Paper . . . agree that this provision, on its face, overrules Zahn.”).
6. R39.6. When omitting material at the end of one sentence and the beginning of the next sentence, use one ellipsis to mark the omission but include the final punctuation mark of the first sentence as well as bracket and capitalize the first letter of the following sentence.
   • Example: “The difference between actual and red flag knowledge is thus not between specific and generalized knowledge . . . . [T]he red flag provision turns on whether the provider was subjectively aware of facts that would have made the specific infringement objectively obvious to a reasonable person.”
7. R39.7. When omitting the end of a quoted sentence, insert an ellipsis between the last letter quoted and the punctuation mark of the original quote.
   • Example: “The difference between actual and red flag knowledge is thus not between specific and generalized knowledge . . . .”
8. R39.8. When omitting a footnote or citation, insert a parenthetical indicating the omission immediately after the citation to the quoted source (see above).
9. R39.9. When omitting material following a final punctuation mark, do not use an ellipsis.
   • Example: “The difference between actual and red flag knowledge is thus not between specific and generalized knowledge, but instead between a subjective and an objective standard.”
10. R39.10. When omitting material following a final punctuation mark but including material in the next sentence use an ellipsis to connect the final punctuation with the beginning of the new quote and capitalize and bracket the next letter.
    • Example: “The difference between actual and red flag knowledge is thus not between specific and generalized knowledge, but instead between a subjective and an objective standard. . . . [T]he red flag provision turns on whether the provider was subjectively aware of facts that would have made the specific infringement objectively obvious to a reasonable person.”

R40. Special Rules for Block Quotations

1. R40.1. Basic form: Set off quotations consisting of 50+ words into a block quotation, which appears as in the example below:

   Here is where the block quotation should begin and here is where it should end. See the indentations on the right and left sides? This is how it should appear in your writing. The reasoning behind this set-up is to offset the lengthy quotations from the rest of the text and to clearly indicate that this is all directly cited material.

2. R40.2. Formatting of block quotations.
   • Block quotations are single spaced.
   • Indent both left and right.
   • Block quotations should be formatted with “full justification”—that is, all lines in a paragraph are expanded so they butt up against both the left and right text margins. Note that this is not a Bluebook requirement, but it is required by many law reviews.
   • DO NOT use quotation marks surrounding the block quotation.
   • Internal quotation marks should appear as in the original.
   • The citation following a block quotation should start at the line’s left margin, without any indentation.

Example: Judge Patterson explains the excellence of the Harry Potter series:

Plaintiff J.K. Rowling is the author of the highly acclaimed Harry Potter book series [. . .] Written for children but enjoyed by children and adults alike, the Harry Potter series chronicles the lives and adventures of Harry Potter and his friends as they come of age at the Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry and face the evil Lord Voldemort. [. . .] It is a tale of a fictional world filled with magical spells, fantastical creatures, and imaginary places and things [. . .]

Warner Bros. Entm’t Inc. v. RDR Books, 575 F. Supp. 2d 513, 518 (S.D.N.Y. 2008) (describing an excellent book series).

J. TABLES

T1. Federal Judicial and Legislative Materials

Materials	Date	Citation
Supreme Court (U.S.): Cite to U.S., if possible. If not, cite to S. Ct. If that’s not possible, cite to L. Ed. If you can cite to none of the above, cite to U.S.L.W.
United States Reports
91 U.S. to date	1875–date	U.S.
Wallace	1863–1874	e.g., 68 U.S. (1 Wall.)
Black	1861–1862	e.g., 66 U.S. (1 Black)
Howard	1843–1860	e.g., 42 U.S. (1 How.)
Peters	1828–1842	e.g., 26 U.S. (1 Pet.)
Wheaton	1816–1827	e.g., 14 U.S. (1 Wheat.)
Cranch	1801–1815	e.g., 5 U.S. (1 Cranch)
Dallas	1790–1800	e.g., 1 U.S. (1 Dall.)
Supreme Court Reporter	1882–date	S. Ct.
United States Supreme Court Reports, Lawyers’ Edition	1790–date	L. Ed., L. Ed. 2d
United States Law Week	1933–date	U.S.L.W.
Circuit Justices (e.g., Burger, Circuit Justice): Cite to U.S., else, cite to S. Ct., L. Ed., or U.S.L.W. in that order of preference.
United States Reports	1893–date	U.S.
Supreme Court Reporter	1893–date	S. Ct.
United States Supreme Court Reports, Lawyers’ Edition	1790–date	L. Ed., L. Ed. 2d
United States Law Week	1933–date	U.S.L.W.
Some cases presided over by Circuit Justices are found in other reporters. Cite to these cases in the following manner: Williamson v. United States, 184 F.2d 280 (Jackson, Circuit Justice, 2d Cir. 1950).
Courts of Appeals (e.g., 2d Cir., D.C. Cir.), previously Circuit Courts of Appeals (e.g., 2d Cir.), and Court of Appeals of/for the District of Columbia (D.C. Cir.): Cite to F., F.2d, or F.3d.
Federal Reporter	1891–date	F., F.2d, F.3d
Federal Appendix	2001–date	F. App’x
Circuit Courts (e.g., C.C.S.D.N.Y., C.C.D. Cal.) (abolished 1912): Cite to F. or F. Cas.
Federal Reporter	1880–1912	F.
Federal Cases	1789–1880	F. Cas.
Temporary Emergency Court of Appeals (Temp. Emer. Ct. App.) (1971–1993), Emergency Court of Appeals (Emer. Ct. App.) (created 1942, abolished 1961), and Commerce Court (Comm. Ct.) (created 1910, abolished 1913): Cite to F. or F.2d.
Federal Reporter	1910–1993	F., F.2d
For United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit (Fed. Cir.) (created 1982), successor to the United States Court of Customs and Patent Appeals (C.C.P.A.) (previously the Court of Customs Appeals (Ct. Cust. App.)) and the appellate jurisdiction of the Court of Claims (Ct. Cl.): Cite to F., F.2d, or F.3d; else, cite to the official reporter.
Federal Reporter	1910–date	F., F.2d, F.3d
Court of Claims Reports	1956–1982	Ct. Cl.
Court of Customs and Patent Appeals Reports	1929–1982	C.C.P.A.
Court of Customs Appeals Reports	1910–1929	Ct. Cust.
United States Court of Federal Claims (Fed. Cl.) (created 1992), formerly United States Claims Court (Cl. Ct.) (created 1982), and successor to the original jurisdiction of the Court of Claims (Ct. Cl.): Cite to one of the following reporters:
Federal Claims Reporter	1992–date	Fed. Cl.
United States Claims Court Reporter	1983–1992	Cl. Ct.
Federal Reporter	1930–1932	F.2d
	1960–1982	F.2d
Federal Supplement	1932–1960	F. Supp.
Court of Claims Reports	1863–1982	Ct. Cl.
For United States Court of International Trade (Ct. Int’l Trade) (created 1980), formerly United States Customs Court (Cust. Ct.) (created 1926): Cite to the official reporters, if possible; if not, in the following order, cite to F. Supp., F. Supp. 2d, or F. Supp. 3d to Cust. B. & Dec. (an official publication), or to I.T.R.D. (BNA).
Court of International Trade Reports	1980–date	Ct. Int’l Trade
Customs Court Reports	1938–1980	Cust. Ct.
Federal Supplement	1980–date	F. Supp., F. Supp. 2d, F. Supp. 3d
Customs Bulletin and Decisions	1967–date	Cust. B. & Dec.
International Trade Reporter Decisions	1980–date	I.T.R.D. (BNA)
For District Courts (e.g., D. Mass., S.D.N.Y.): For cases after 1932, cite to F. Supp., F. Supp. 2d, F. Supp. 3d, F.R.D., or B.R.; else, cite to Fed. R. Serv.,Fed. R. Serv. 2d, or Fed. R. Serv. 3d. For prior cases, cite to F., F.2d, or F. Cas.
Federal Supplement	1932–date	F. Supp., F. Supp. 2d, F. Supp. 3d
Federal Rules Decisions	1938–date	F.R.D.
West’s Bankruptcy Reporter	1979–date	B.R.
Federal Rules Service	1938–date	Fed. R. Serv. (Callaghan), Fed. R. Serv. 2d (Callaghan), Fed. R. Serv. 3d (West)
Federal Reporter	1880–1932	F., F.2d
Federal Cases	1789–1880	F. Cas.
Citations to F. Cas. should give the case number parenthetically. Davey v. The Mary Frost, 7 F. Cas. 11 (E.D. Tex. 1876) (No. 3591).
For Bankruptcy Courts (e.g., Bankr. N.D. Cal.) and Bankruptcy Appellate Panels (e.g., B.A.P. 1st Cir.), cite to B.R.; else, cite to a service.
Bankruptcy Reporter	1979–date	B.R.
Judicial Panel on Multidistrict Litigation (J.P.M.L.) (created 1968) and Special Court, Regional Rail Reorganization Act (Reg’l Rail Reorg. Ct.) (created 1973): Cite to F. Supp., F. Supp. 2d., or F. Supp. 3d.
Federal Supplement	1968–date	F. Supp., F. Supp. 2d, F. Supp. 3d
For Tax Court (T.C.) (created 1942), previously Board of Tax Appeals (B.T.A.), cite to T.C. or B.T.A.; else, cite to T.C.M. (CCH), T.C.M. (P-H), T.C.M. (RIA), or B.T.A.M. (P-H).
United States Tax Court Reports	1942–date	T.C.
Reports of the United States Board of Tax Appeals	1924–1942	B.T.A.
Tax Court Memorandum Decisions	1942–date	T.C.M. (CCH)
	1942–1991	T.C.M. (P-H)
	1991–date	T.C.M. (RIA)
Board of Tax Appeals Memorandum Decisions	1928–1942	B.T.A.M. (P-H)
For United States Court of Appeals for Veterans Claims (Vet. App.), previously United States Court of Veterans Appeals (Vet. App.) (created 1988), cite to Vet. App.
West’s Veterans Appeals Reporter	1990–date	Vet. App.
United States Court of Appeals for the Armed Forces (C.A.A.F.), previously United States Court of Military Appeals (C.M.A.): Cite to C.M.A..
Decisions of the United States Court of Military Appeals	1951–1975	C.M.A.
West’s Military Justice Reporter	1978–date	M.J.
Court Martial Reports	1951–1975	C.M.R.
Military Service Courts of Criminal Appeals (A. Ct. Crim. App., A.F. Ct. Crim. App., C.G. Ct. Crim. App., N-M. Ct. Crim. App.), previously Courts of Military Review (e.g., A.C.M.R.), previously Boards of Review (e.g., A.B.R.): For cases after 1950, cite to M.J. or C.M.R. For earlier cases, cite to the official reporter.
West’s Military Justice Reporter	1975–date	M.J.
Court Martial Reports	1951–1975	C.M.R.
For statutory compilations, cite to U.S.C.
United States Code (26 U.S.C. may be abbreviated as I.R.C.)		tit. no. U.S.C. § x (year)
United States Code Annotated		tit. no. U.S.C.A. § x (West year)
United States Code Service		tit. no. U.S.C.S. § x (LexisNexis year)
Gould’s United States Code Unannotated		tit. no. U.S.C.U. § x (Gould year)
Session laws
United States Statutes at Large		vol. no. Stat. page no. (year)
For public laws before 1957, cite by by chapter number; for subsequent public laws, cite by public law number.

T2. Federal Administrative and Executive Materials

Administrative Materials	Citation
Armed Services Board of Contract Appeals (ASBCA)
Decisions: Cite decisions as: case name, ASBCA No. decision number, citation to services For citations to the Board of Contract Appeals Decisions (BCA), published by Commerce Clearing House, the publisher is not indicated and the volume number should be used to indicate the year of the decision. RMTC Sys., Inc., ASBCA No. 43466, 93-1 BCA ¶ 25,508.
Civilian Board of Contract Appeals (CBCA)
Decisions: Cite the same way as a citation for the Armed Services Board of Contract Appeals, but include the opposing agency in the case name. G2G, LLC v. Dept. of Commerce, CBCA No. 4845-R, 15-1 BCA ¶ 36,163.
Armed Services Board of Contract Appeals (ASBCA)
Decisions: Cite decisions as: case name, ASBCA No. decision number, citation to services For citations to the Board of Contract Appeals Decisions (BCA), published by Commerce Clearing House, the publisher is not indicated and the volume number should be used to indicate the year of the decision.
Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC)
Decisions: Cite as case name, CFTC No. docket number, year as volume electronic archive archive location (date). Windjammer Capital LLC v. Glob. Futures Exch. & Trading Co., Inc., CFTC No. 14-R1, 2015 WL 9434227 (Dec. 22, 2015).
Interpretive Letters, No-Action Letters, and Exemptive Letters: Cite a service or an electronic database. Include the full name of the correspondent if available, the CFTC docket number, and the full date on which the letter became publicly available.
Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB)
Decisions: Cite as case name, CFPB No. decision number, year as volume electronic archive archive location (date). American Express Travel Related Servs., Inc., CFPB 2013-CFPB-0013 (Dec. 24, 2013).
Department of Agriculture (USDA)
Decisions: Cite to the Agriculture Decisions (Agric. Dec). Arizona Livestock Auction, Inc., 55 Agric Dec. 1121 (U.S.D.A. 1996).
Directives: Cite as: issuing agency abbreviated according to table below directive number, directive title (U.S.D.A. year).
Agricultural Marketing Service	AMS
Agricultural Research Service	ARS 218
Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service	APHIS
Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion	CNPP
Cooperative State Research, Education, and Extension Service	CSREES
Economic Research Service	ERS
Farm Service Agency	FSA
Food and Nutrition Service	FNS
Food Safety and Inspection Service	FSIS
Foreign Agricultural Service	FAS
Forest Service	FS
Grain Inspection, Packers, and Stockyards Administration	GIPSA
National Agricultural Library	NAL
National Agricultural Statistics Service	NASS
National Institute of Food and Agriculture	NIFA
National Resources Conservation Service	NRCS
Risk Management Agency	RMA
Rural Development	RD
Rural Housing Service	RHS
Rural Utilities Service	RUS
Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)
Decisions in Consistency Appeals Under the Coastal Zone Management Act: Citation format for decisions of the Secretary of Commerce under the Coastal Zone Management Act: Decision and Findings in the Consistency Appeal of party name, from an objection by state or relevant state agency’s name (Sec’y of Commerce date). If these decisions are not published in an official reporter; indicate the source where the decision is located.
Other NOAA Decisions: For decisions of administrative law judges in civil administrative law cases, cite to the Ocean Resources and Wildlife Reporter (O.R.W.); else cite to an appropriate secondary source.
Decisions of the Administrator for Appeals (NOAA App.) should so specify.
Department of Commerce, Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO)
Decisions: For decisions of the Commissioner of Patents, cite to Decisions of the Commissioner of Patents (Dec. Comm’r Pat.) following Rule 19, except that if the party name includes a procedural phrase, it should be included.
For decisions by the Board of Patent Appeals and Interferences (B.P.A.I.), cite as: party name, No. docket number, year as volume service name archive location (B.P.A.I. date).
For decisions of the Trademark Trial and Appeal Board (T.T.A.B.), cite as: case name, year as volume service name archive location (T.T.A.B. year).
Patents:
If relevant, cite the patent number and the date the patent was filed. U.S. Patent No. 8,112,504 B2 (filed Mar. 4, 2009)
The patent name and/or issuing date may be included if relevant. System for disseminating media content representing episodes in a serialized sequence, U.S. Patent No. 8,112,504 B2 (filed Mar. 4, 2009) (issued Feb. 7, 2012)
For citations to a specific field of the title page, include the field code in brackets: U.S. Patent No. 8,112,504 B2, at [75] (filed Mar. 4, 2009)
For citations to a specific portion of patent text, a patent figure, or an item within a figure: U.S. Patent No. 8,112,504 B2, fig. 1, item 141 (filed Mar. 4, 2009)
Short form patent ctiations include an apostrophe followed by the last three digits of the patent number: ’504 Patent.
Trademarks:
For registered trademarks, cite as TRADEMARK NAME, Registration No. registration number. THE BLUEBOOK A UNIFORM SYSTEM OF CITATION, Registration No. 3,886,986.
For trademarks that have been filed, but not approved, cite as U.S. Trademark Application Serial No. Serial Number (filed filing date). U.S. Trademark Application Serial No. 86,680,743 (filed Jul. 1, 2015).
Official Gazette of the United States Patent Office (1872–1971)	Off. Gaz. Pat. Office
Official Gazette of the United States Patent and Trademark Office (1975–2002)	Off. Gaz. Pat. & Trademark Office
Trademark Manual of Examining Procedure	TMEP (5th ed. Sept. 2007)
Manual of Patent Examining Procedure	MPEP (8th ed. Rev. 7, Sept. 2008)
Department of Education
Reports: Cite Institution of Education Sciences reports as Institution of Education Sciences, title page (date). Institute of Education Sciences, National Board for Education Sciences Annual Report 12 (2014).
Reports: Cite federal student aid proceedings as case name, U.S. Dep’t of Educ., No. docket number (date). Lincoln Univ., U.S. Dep’t of Educ., No. 13-68-SF (Mar. 16, 2015).
Department of Homeland Security, Bureau of Customs and Border Protection
The two official reporters of the Bureau of Customs and Border Protection and its predecessors are the Administrative Decisions Under Immigration and Nationality Laws (I. & N. Dec.) and the Customs Bulletin and Decisions (Cust. B. & Dec).
Department of Justice
Advisory Opinions: For published, formal advisory opinions, cite in the same manner as adjudications. Cite opinions from the Attorney General as Opinions of the Attorneys General (Op. Att’y Gen.). Cite opinions from the Office of Legal Counsel as Opinions of the Office of Legal Counsel of the Department of Justice (Op. O.L.C.). Authority of Sec’y of Treasury to Compromise Final Judgments, 36 U.S. Op. Att’ Gen. 40 (1929) Diversion of Water From Niagara River, 30 Op. Att’y Gen. 217 (1913). U.S. Assistance to Countries That Shoot Down Civil Aircraft Involved in Drug Trafficking, 18 Op. O.L.C. 148, 165 (1994). Cite precedent decisions of the Board of Immigration Appeals (BIA) to Administrative Decisions Under Immigration and Nationality Laws (I. & N. Dec.) as published by the Department of Justice Executive Office for Immigration Review (EOIR).
Department of Labor
Decisions in Petition for Modification Cases Under Section 101(c) of the Mine Act, 30 U.S.C. § 811(c): Cite as description of decision, case name, Docket No. docket number (Dep’t of Labor date). Note that these decisions have not been reported in any official reporter or service.
Decisions in Enforcement Actions Brought by the Office of Federal Contract Compliance Programs: Cite as case name, docket number, description of decision (Dep’t of Labor date). Note that these decisions have not been reported in any official reporter or service. OFCCP v. Bank of Am., 97-OFC-16, Secretary’s Decision and Order of Remand (Dep’t of Labor Mar. 31, 2003).
Decisions by the Benefits Review Board: Cite to a service. Jones v. I.T.O. Corp. of Baltimore, 9 Ben. Rev. Bd. Serv. (MB) 583, 585 (1979).
Department of the Interior
Cite agency decisions to Interior Decisions (Interior Dec.) or Interior and General Land Office Cases Relating to Public Lands (Pub. Lands Dec.). Where a board within the agency issues the opinion, note the board in the same parenthetical as the date, using these abbreviations:
Interior Board of Land Appeals	IBLA
Interior Board of Indian Appeals	DBIA
Interior Board of Contract Appeals	IBCA
Shell Offshore, Inc., 94 Interior Dec. 69 (IBLA 1987).
Department of State
Reports: For reports of the Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor, cite as: U.S. Dep’t of State, Bureau of Democracy, H.R. and Lab., title page (date). U.S. Dep’t of State, Bureau of Democracy, H.R. and Lab., International Religious Freedom Report 14 (2014).
Department of the Treasury
Regulations: For Department of Treasury regulations, cite as Treas. Reg., despite the fact that they are published under Title 26 of the C.F.R.
For unamended regulations, cite the year: Treas. Reg. § 1.41-2 (1989). Indicate if the regulation is a temnporary regulation by beginning the citation with Temp: Temp. Treas. Reg. § 5e.274-8 (1982).
For specific questions and answers, cite as: Treas. Reg. § 1.72-16(a), Q&A (3)(a) (1963).
If any subsection of the cited section has been amended or appears in substantially different versions, give the year of the most recent amendment. Follow this rule even if the particular subsection you are citing has never been amended. Treas. Reg. § 1.41-2 (as amended in 2001).
Indicate when the source of the amendment is relevant. Treas. Reg. § 1.41-2 (as amended by T.D. 8930, 65 FR 287).
For proposed Treasury regulations to the Federal Register, cite in the following manner: Prop. Treas. Reg. § 1.704-1, 48 Fed. Reg. 9871, 9872 (Mar. 9, 1983).
Treasury Determinations: Cite Revenue Rulings, Revenue Procedures, and Treasury Decisions to the Cumulative Bulletin (C.B.) or its advance sheet, the Internal Revenue Bulletin (I.R.B.), or to Treasury Decisions Under Internal Revenue Laws (Treas. Dec. Int. Rev.), in that order of preference.
The numbering of the Cumulative Bulletin is as follows: By volume number from 1919 to 1921. By volume number and part number from 1921 to 1936. By year and part number from 1937 to date. The abbreviations used are explained in the introductory pages of each volume of the Cumulative Bulletin.
Private Letter Rulings: Cite by number and the date issued, if available.
Technical Advice Memoranda: Cite by number and the date issued, if available.
General Counsel Memoranda: Cite by number and the date on which the memorandum was approved.
Other Treasury Determinations: For all other Treasury materials, cite to the Cumulative Bulletin, Internal Revenue Bulletin, or Internal Revenue Manual (IRM). Delegation Orders (Deleg. Order) Treasury Orders (Treas. Order) Treasury Directives (Treas. Dir.) Notices, Announcements, and News Releases Otherwise cite by number and date issued.
Cases: For the Tax Court and Board of Tax Appeals, cite as those of a court, not of an agency.
Acquiescence: The following may be indicated in the case citation if the Commissioner of the Internal Revenue Service has published an acquiescence (acq.), acquiescence in result only (acq. In result), or nonacquiescence (nonacq.) in a decision of the Tax Court or Board of Tax Appeals.
Action on Decision: To cite an action on decision (action on dec) as subsequent history, include its identifying number, if any, and its full date.
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
Decisions: For Environmental Administrative Decisions (E.A.D.) indicate the decision maker—either the Environmental Appeals Board (EAB) or an administrative law judge—if the source does not make it obvious. Donald Cutler, 11 E.A.D. 622, 623 (EAB 2004).
Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC)
Decisions: For EEOC decisions that do not have readily identifiable titles, cite using the decision number in place of the title. Otherwise cite per Rule 19. Budnik v. Chertoff, EEOC DOC 0520070154 (2006).
For EEOC Federal Sector decisions that have party names, cite in accordance with Rule 11.2.
Executive Office of the President
Executive Orders, Presidential Proclamations, and Reorganization Plans: Cite by page number to 3 C.F.R. However, since all executive orders are not reprinted in successive years of the C.F.R., cite to the original year, rather than the most recent edition of the C.F.R. Where relevant, include a parallel citation to the U.S.C. Exec. Order 13,136, 3 C.F.R. 216 (Sep. 3, 1999).
If the material is not in the C.F.R., cite to the Federal Register. Exec. Order 12,900, 59 FR 9061 (Feb. 22, 1994).
A parallel citation to the Statutes at Large may also be given.
Other Presidential Papers: Cite to Public Papers of the Presidents (Papers) if found there. If not recorded in the Public Papers, cite the Weekly Compilation of Presidential Documents (Weekly Comp. Pres. Doc.), published from 1965 to January 29, 2009, the Daily Compilation of Presidential Documents (Daily Comp. Pres. Doc.), published from January 29, 2009 to date, or the U.S. Code Congressional and Administrative News (U.S.C.C.A.N.).
Budgets: Use the structure of book citations for governmental budgets. Office of Mgmt. & Budget, Exec. Office of the President, Budget of the United States Government, Fiscal Year 2014 (2013).
Federal Aviation Administration (FAA)
Decisions: For decisions of administrative law judges in civil penalty enforcement matters adjudicated under 14 C.F.R. Part 13, Section 13.16 and subpart G, cite per Rule 12.4.2 as slip opinions.
For Decisions of the Administrator or his delegate, cite using an order number, not a docket number.
For Decisions of the Office of Dispute Resolution for Acquisition (ODRA) adjudicated under 14 C.F.R. Part 17, the citation should incorporate the type of dispute.
For other FAA decisions and orders, the citation should indicate the nature of the decision, followed by the date.
Federal Express Corporation, FAA Order No. 2002-20, 2002 WL 31777976 (Jan. 1, 2002). Envirosolve, LLC, FAA Order No. 2006-2, 2006 WL 465371 (Feb. 7, 2006). Aerocomp, Inc., FAA Order No. 2006-1, Order Dismissing Appeal (Jan. 12, 2006).
Federal Communications Commission (FCC)
Cite to the Federal Communications Commission Reports (F.C.C., F.C.C.2d), published 1934-1986, or the Federal Communications Commission Record (FCC Rcd.), published since 1986. Protecting and Promoting the Open Internet, GN Docket No. 14-28, Notice of Proposed Rulemaking, 29 FCC Rcd 5561 (2014).
Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC)
Cite decisions to the Federal Energy Guidelines: FERC Reports (FERC). Filing of Privileged Materials and Answers to Motions, Order No. 769, 141 FERC ¶ 61,049 (2012).
Federal Labor Relations Authority (FLRA)
Cite decisions to the Decisions of the Federal Labor Relations Authority (F.L.R.A.).
Federal Mine Safety and Health Review Commission (FMSHRC)
Cite decisions to the Federal Mine Safety and Health Review Commission Decisions (FMSHRC).
Federal Reserve System
Enforcement Actions: Cite written agreements resulting from enforcement actions as: Written Agreement between private bank name and Federal Reserve Bank name, Docket no. docket number (date). Written Agreement Between Allied First Bancorp, Inc. and Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago, Docket No. 14-006-WA/RB-HC (Jun. 6, 2014).
Federal Trade Commission (FTC)
Cite decisions to the Federal Trade Commission (F.T.C.).
Government Accountability Office (GAO)
Bid Protest Decisions: Cite to Decisions of the Comptroller General of the United States (Comp. Gen.). Space Communications Co., 66 Comp. Gen. 2 (1987).
For unpublished decisions to a readily accessible source, cite as: protesting party, No. docket number, year as volume service name archive location (Comp. Gen. date). Do not indicate the publisher when citing these cases to the Comptroller General’s Procurement Decision, published by West. HP Enterprise Services, LLC, B-405692, 2012 CPD ¶ 13 (Comp. Gen. Dec. 14, 2011). Phoenix Environmental Design, Inc., B-412503, 2016 WL 873296 (Comp. Gen. Mar. 7, 2016).
Insert “et al.” after the docket number where a decision resolves multiple bid protests, each having its own docket number. IAP-Hill, LLC, B-406289 et al, 2012 CPD ¶ 151 (Comp. Gen. Apr. 4, 2012).
International Trade Commission (USITC)
Trade Remedy Investigations: Cite as: investigation name, Inv. No. investigation number, USITC Pub. publication number (date) (status). Indicate where a single decision contains multiple investigation numbers. Trade and Investment Polices in India, 2014–2015, Inv. No. 332-550, USITC Pub. 4566 (Sep. 2015). The Year in Trade 2014: Operation of the Trade Agreements Program, USITC Pub. 4543 (Jul. 2015). Polyvinyl Alcohol from China, Japan, and Taiwan, Inv. Nos. 701-TA-309, 731-TA-528, 731-TA-529, USITC Pub. 4067 (Mar. 27, 2009) (Review).
Merit Systems Protection Board (MSPB)
Cite decisions to the Decisions of the United States Merit Systems Protection Board (M.S.P.B.).
National Labor Relations Board (NLRB)
Cite decisions and orders to the Decisions and Orders of the National Labor Relations Board (N.L.R.B.).
National Mediation Board (NMB)
Cite decisions to the Decisions of the National Mediation Board (N.M.B.).
National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB)
Cite decisions to the National Transportation Safety Board Decisions (N.T.S.B.), published from 1967-1977.
Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC)
For decisions of the Nuclear Regulatory Commission, cite to the Nuclear Regulatory Commission Issuances (N.R.C.). For decisions of its predecessor, the Atomic Energy Commission (1956–1975), cite to the Atomic Energy Commission Reports (A.E.C.).
Occupational Safety and Health Review Commission (OSHRC)
Decisions: For commission decisions reported in a service, cite as: party name, service volume number publisher service, abbreviated as below page/paragraph number (No. docket number, year). US Pagoda, Inc., CCH OSHD ¶ 33123 (No. 10-2035, 2011).
At the end of a citation, indicate parenthetically when an administrative law judge issued the decision, rather than the commission. Miller Construction Co., 24 BNA OSHC 1817 (No. 13-0323, 2013) (ALJ).
The abbreviations OSHRC uses for services reporting its decisions vary from those in Table T4 as follows:
Occupational Safety & Health Cases (BNA)	OSHC
Occupational Safety & Health Decisions	OSHD
A decision that is not cited in any service or database may be cited as a slip opinion using Rule 12.4.2(b). Prime Roofing Corp., Docket No. 07-1409 (OSHRC Feb. 5, 2008).
Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC)
Interpretive Letters, No-Action Letters, and Exemptive Letters: Cite a service or an electronic database (Rule 12.4.1). In the citation, include the correspondent’s full name and the date that the letter became publicly available. Poplogix LLC, SEC No-Action Letter, 2010 WL 4472794 (Nov. 5, 2010). MP Environmental Funding LLC, SEC Interpretive Letter, 2007 WL 2838964 (Sep. 19, 2007)
Releases: Cite the Federal Register, SEC Docket, or a service (Rule 19). Releases that have subject-matter title may be presented in a short form. Make sure to include the act under which the release was issued, the release number, and the date. SEC Whistleblower Rules, Exchange Act Release No. 75592, 80 Fed. Reg. 47829 (Aug. 10, 2015).
If the release is an adjudication, abbreviate the parties’ names according to Rule 11. Midas Securities, LLC., Exchange Act Release No. 66200, 102 SEC Docket 3123, 102 SEC Docket 3137 (Jan. 20, 2012).
If the adjudication occurred before an administrative law judge, indicate this fact in the date parenthetical.
If a particular release is issued under the Securities Act, the Exchange Act, or the Investment Company Act, a parallel citation should be given in that order.
Staff Interpretations: Cite SEC Staff Accounting Bulletins, Staff Legal Bulletins, and Telephone Interpretations as follows: SEC Staff Accounting Bulletin No. 99, 64 Fed. Reg. 45150 (Aug. 19, 1999).
SEC Filings: For annual reports, proxy statements, and other company filings required under federal securities laws, provide the name of the company (abbreviated according to Rule 15.1), the title as given in the document, the form type in parentheses, the page number if applicable, and the full date of filing with the SEC. Apple Inc., Annual Report (Form 10-K) (Oct. 28, 2015).
If citing annual reports, proxy statements, or other documents in a form other than that filed with the SEC, treat as books under Rule 15. Facebook, Inc., 2014 Annual Report (2014).
Small Business Administration (SBA)
Decisions: Cite decisions as: party name, SBA No. docket number (date). OxyHeal Medical Systems, Inc., SBA SIZ-5707 (Jan. 19, 2016).
The docket number indicates the type of decision:
Small disadvantaged business	SDBA
Size determination	SIZ
Service disabled veteran owned business	VET
Business development program	BDP
North American Industry Classification System	NAICS
Social Security Administration (SSA)
Rulings and Acquiescence Rulings: For Social Security Rulings, cite as SSR; for Social Security Acquiescence Rulings, cite as SSAR. Cite to the Social Security Rulings, Cumulative Edition (S.S.R. Cum. Ed.). If not published there, cite to another official source, such as the Code of Federal Regulations or the Federal Register. Otherwise, cite a commercial database or other source. SSR 62-2, 1960–1974 Soc. Sec. Rep. Serv. 69 (Jan. 1, 1962).
Surface Transportation Board (STB)
For materials from the Surface Transportation Board, cite to the Surface Transportation Board Reporter (S.T.B.). For materials from its predecessor, cite to the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC), to the Interstate Commerce Commission Reporter (I.C.C., I.C.C. 2d).
The official date for unpublished decisions is the date on which the decision was served on the parties or otherwise filed by the STB (or ICC). Do not cite the date of the decision.

T3. U.S. States and Other Jurisdictions

Category	Dates	Abbreviation
Alabama
Supreme Court (Ala.): Cite to So., So. 2d, or So. 3d.
Southern Reporter	1886–date	So., So. 2d, So. 3d
Alabama Reports	1840–1976	Ala.
Porter	1834–1839	Port.
Stewart and Porter	1831–1834	Stew. & P.
Stewart	1827–1831	Stew.
Minor	1820–1826	Minor
Court of Civil Appeals (Ala. Civ. App.) and Court of Criminal Appeals (Ala. Crim. App.), before 1969 Court of Appeals (Ala. Ct. App.): Cite to So., So. 2d, or So. 3d.
Southern Reporter	1911–date	So., So. 2d, So. 3d
Alabama Appellate Courts Reports	1911–1974	Ala. App.
Statutory compilations: Cite to Ala. Code (published by West).
Code of Alabama, 1975 (West)		Ala. Code § x-x-x (year)
Michie’s Alabama Code, 1975 (LexisNexis)		Ala. Code § x-x-x (LexisNexis year)
Session laws: Cite to Ala. Laws.
Alabama Laws		year as volume Ala. Laws page no.
West’s Alabama Legislative Service		year as volume Ala. Legis. Serv. page no. (West)
Michie’s Alabama Code year Advance Legislative Service (LexisNexis)		year as volume-pamph. no. Ala. Adv. Legis. Serv. page no. (LexisNexis)
Administrative compilation
Alabama Administrative Code		Ala. Admin. Code r. x-x-x.x (year)
Administrative register
Alabama Administrative Monthly		vol. no. Ala. Admin. Monthly page no. (month day, year)
Alaska
Supreme Court (Alaska): Cite to P.2d or P.3d.
Pacific Reporter	1960–date	P.2d, P.3d
Court of Appeals (Alaska Ct. App.): Cite to P.2d or P.3d.
Pacific Reporter	1980–date	P.2d, P.3d
District Courts of Alaska (D. Alaska): These courts had local jurisdiction from 1884 to 1959. Cite to F. Supp., F., or F.2d; else, cite to Alaska or Alaska Fed., in that order of preference.
Federal Supplement	1946–1959	F. Supp.
Federal Reporter	1886–1932	F., F.2d
Alaska Reports	1887–1958	Alaska
Alaska Federal Reports	1869–1937	Alaska Fed.
United States District Courts for California and Oregon, and District Courts of Washington (D. Cal., D. Or., D. Wash.): These courts had local jurisdiction in Alaska until 1884. Cite to F. or F. Cas.
Federal Reporter	1880–1884	F.
Federal Cases	1867–1880	F. Cas.
Alaska Federal Reports	1869–1937	Alaska Fed.
Statutory compilations: Cite to Alaska Stat.
Alaska Statutes (LexisNexis)		Alaska Stat. § x.x.x (year)
West’s Alaska Statutes Annotated		Alaska Stat. Ann. § x.x.x (West year)
Session laws: Cite to Alaska Sess. Laws.
Session Laws of Alaska		year as volume Alaska Sess. Laws page no.
Alaska Statutes year Advance Legislative Service		year as volume-pamph. no. Alaska Adv. Legis. Serv. page no. (LexisNexis)
West’s Alaska Legislative Service		year as volume Alaska Legis. Serv. page no. (West)
Administrative compilation
Alaska Administrative Code (LexisNexis)		Alaska Admin. Code tit. x, § x.x (year)
Arizona
Supreme Court (Ariz.): Cite to P., P.2d, or P.3d.
Pacific Reporter	1883–date	P., P.2d, P.3d
Arizona Reports	1866–date	Ariz.
Court of Appeals (Ariz. Ct. App.): Cite to P.2d or P.3d.
Pacific Reporter	1965–date	P.2d, P.3d
Arizona Reports	1976–date	Ariz.
Arizona Appeals Reports	1965–1977	Ariz. App.
Tax Court (Ariz. Tax Ct.): Cite to P.2d or P.3d.
Pacific Reporter	1988–date	P.2d, P.3d
Statutory compilations: Cite to Ariz. Rev. Stat. Ann..
Arizona Revised Statutes Annotated (West)		Ariz. Rev. Stat. Ann. § x-x (year)
Arizona Revised Statutes (LexisNexis)		Ariz. Rev. Stat. § x-x (LexisNexis year)
Session laws: Cite to Ariz. Sess. Laws.
Session Laws, Arizona		year as volume Ariz. Sess. Laws page no.
Arizona Legislative Service (West)		year as volume Ariz. Legis. Serv. page no. (West)
Administrative compilation
Arizona Administrative Code		Ariz. Admin. Code § x-x-x (year)
Administrative register
Arizona Administrative Register		vol. no. Ariz. Admin. Reg. page no. (month day, year)
Arkansas
Public domain citation format: Arkansas has adopted a public domain citation format for cases after February 13, 2009. For additional instruction, consult Arkansas Supreme Court Rule 5-2. The format is: Smith v. Hickman, 2009 Ark. 12, at 1, 273 S.W.3d 340, 343. Doe v. State, 2009 Ark. App. 318, at 7, 2009 WL 240613, at *8.
Supreme Court (Ark.): Cite to S.W., S.W.2d, or S.W.3d.
South Western Reporter	1886–date	S.W., S.W.2d, or S.W.3d
Arkansas Reports	1837–2009	Ark.
Court of Appeals (Ark. Ct. App.): Cite to S.W.2d or S.W.3d.
South Western Reporter	1979–date	S.W.2d, S.W.3d
Arkansas Appellate Reports	1981–2009	Ark. App.
Arkansas Reports	1979–1981	Ark.
Statutory compilations: Cite to Ark. Code Ann. (published by LexisNexis).
Arkansas Code of 1987 Annotated (LexisNexis)		Ark. Code Ann. § x-x-x (year)
West's Arkansas Code Annotated		Ark. Code Ann. § x-x-x (West year)
Session laws: Cite to Ark. Acts.
Acts of Arkansas (West)		year as volume Ark. Acts page no.
Arkansas Code of 1987 Annotated year Advance Legislative Service (LexisNexis)		year as volume-pamph. no. Ark. Adv. Legis. Serv. page no. (LexisNexis)
West's Arkansas Legislative Service		year as volume Ark. Legis. Serv. page no. (West)
Administrative compilation
Code of Arkansas Rules (LexisNexis)		x-x-x Ark. Code R. § x (LexisNexis year)
Administrative registers: Cite to Ark. Reg..
Arkansas Register		vol. no. Ark. Reg. page no. (month year)
Arkansas Government Register		iss. no. Ark. Gov’t Reg. page no. (LexisNexis month year)
California
Supreme Court (Cal.): Cite to P., P.2d, or P.3d.
Pacific Reporter	1883–date	P., P.2d, P.3d
California Reports	1850–date	Cal., Cal. 2d, Cal. 3d, Cal. 4th
West’s California Reporter	1959–date	Cal. Rptr., Cal. Rptr. 2d, Cal. Rptr. 3d
California Unreported Cases	1855–1910	Cal. Unrep.
Court of Appeal (Cal. Ct. App.), previously District Court of Appeal (Cal. Dist. Ct. App.): Cite to P. or P.2d (before 1960) or Cal. Rptr., Cal. Rptr. 2d (after 1959), or Cal. Rptr. 3d.
West’s California Reporter	1959–date	Cal. Rptr., Cal. Rptr. 2d, Cal. Rptr. 3d
Pacific Reporter	1905–1959	P., P.2d
California Appellate Reports	1905–date	Cal. App., Cal. App. 2d, Cal. App. 3d, Cal. App. 4th
Appellate Divisions of the Superior Court (Cal. App. Dep’t Super. Ct.): Cite to P. or P.2d (before 1960) or to Cal. Rptr., Cal. Rptr. 2d (after 1959), or Cal. Rptr. 3d.
West’s California Reporter	1959–date	Cal. Rptr., Cal. Rptr. 2d, Cal. Rptr. 3d
Pacific Reporter	1929–1959	P., P.2d
California Appellate Reports Supplement (bound with Cal. App.)	1929–date	Cal. App. Supp., Cal. App. 2d Supp., Cal. App. 3d Supp., Cal. App. 4th Supp.
Statutory compilations: Cite to either the West or the Deering subject-matter code.
West’s Annotated California Codes		Cal. Subject Code § x (West year)
Deering’s California Codes, Annotated (LexisNexis)		Cal. Subject Code § x (Deering year)
Agricultural (renamed “Food and Agricultural” in 1972)		Agric.
Business and Professions		Bus. & Prof.
Civil		Civ.
Civil Procedure		Civ. Proc.
Commercial		Com.
Corporations		Corp.
Education		Educ.
Elections		Elec.
Evidence		Evid.
Family		Fam.
Financial		Fin.
Fish and Game		Fish & Game
Food and Agricultural (formerly “Agricultural”)		Food & Agric.
Government		Gov’t
Harbors and Navigation		Harb. & Nav.
Health and Safety		Health & Safety
Insurance		Ins.
Labor		Lab.
Military and Veterans		Mil. & Vet.
Penal		Penal
Probate		Prob.
Public Contract		Pub. Cont.
Public Resources		Pub. Res.
Public Utilities		Pub. Util.
Revenue and Taxation		Rev. & Tax.
Streets and Highways		Sts. & High.
Unemployment Insurance		Unemp. Ins.
Vehicle		Veh.
Water		Water
Welfare and Institutions		Welf. & Inst.
Session laws: Cite to Cal. Stat..
Statutes of California		year as volume Cal. Stat. page no.
West’s California Legislative Service		year as volume Cal. Legis. Serv. page no. (West)
Deering’s California Advance Legislative Service (LexisNexis)		year as volume-pamph. no. Cal. Adv. Legis. Serv. page no. (LexisNexis)
Administrative compilation
California Code of Regulations (West)		Cal. Code Regs. tit. title locator, § section locator (year)
Administrative register
California Regulatory Notice Register		iss. no. Cal. Regulatory Notice Reg. page no. (month day, year)
Colorado
Public domain citation format: Colorado has adopted a public domain citation format for cases after January 3, 2012. For additional information, consult Rules of the Supreme Court of Colorado, Chief Justice Directive 12-01. The format is: Smith v. Jones, 2012 CO 22. Smith v. Jones, 2012 CO 22, ¶¶ 13–14. Jones v. Smith, 2012 COA 35.
Supreme Court (Colo.): Cite to P., P.2d, or P.3d, if found there; else, cite to Colo., if found there, or to Colo. Law. or Brief Times Rptr.
Pacific Reporter	1883–date	P., P.2d, P.3d
Colorado Reports	1864–1980	Colo.
Colorado Lawyer	1972–date	Colo. Law.
Brief Times Reporter	1977–1996	Brief Times Rptr.
Colorado Journal	1996–2002	Colo. J.
Law Week Colorado	2002–date	L. Week Colo.
Court of Appeals (Colo. App.): Cite to P., P.2d, or P.3d, if found there; else, cite to Colo. App., if found there, or else to one of the other reporters listed below.
Pacific Reporter	1970–date	P.2d, P.3d
	1912–1915	P.
	1891–1905	P.
Colorado Court of Appeals Reports	1891–1905	Colo. App.
	1912–1915	Colo. App.
	1970–1980	Colo. App.
Colorado Lawyer	1972–date	Colo. Law.
Brief Times Reporter	1977–1996	Brief Times Rptr.
Colorado Journal	1996–2002	Colo. J.
Law Week Colorado	2002–date	L. Week Colo.
Statutory compilations: Cite to Colo. Rev. Stat..
Colorado Revised Statutes (LexisNexis)		Colo. Rev. Stat. § x-x-x (year)
West’s Colorado Revised Statutes Annotated		Colo. Rev. Stat. Ann. § x-x-x (West year)
Session laws: Cite to Colo. Sess. Laws.
Session Laws of Colorado (LexisNexis)		year as volume Colo. Sess. Laws page no.
Colorado Legislative Service (West)		year as volume Colo. Legis. Serv. page no. (West)
Administrative compilations: Cite to Colo. Code Regs..
Colorado Code of Regulations		Colo. Code Regs. § x-x (year)
Code of Colorado Regulations (LexisNexis)		vol. no. Colo. Code Regs. § x-x (LexisNexis year)
Administrative register
Colorado Register		iss. no. Colo. Reg. page no. (month year)
Connecticut
Supreme Court (Conn.), previously Supreme Court of Errors (Conn.): Cite to A., A.2d, or A.3d.
Atlantic Reporter	1885–date	A., A.2d, A.3d
Connecticut Reports	1814–date	Conn.
Day	1802–1813	Day
Root	1789–1798	Root
Kirby	1785–1789	Kirby
Appellate Court (Conn. App. Ct.): Cite to A.2d or A.3d.
Atlantic Reporter	1983–date	A.2d, A.3d
Connecticut Appellate Reports	1983–date	Conn. App.
Superior Court (Conn. Super. Ct.) and Court of Common Pleas (Conn. C.P.): Cite to A.2d or A.3d, if found there; else, cite to Conn. Supp., if found there, or else to one of the other reporters listed below.
Atlantic Reporter	1954–date	A.2d, A.3d
Connecticut Supplement	1935–date	Conn. Supp.
Connecticut Law Reporter	1990–date	Conn. L. Rptr.
Connecticut Superior Court Reports	1986–1994	Conn. Super. Ct.
Circuit Court (Conn. Cir. Ct.): Cite to A.2d or A.3d.
Atlantic Reporter	1961–1974	A.2d, A.3d
Connecticut Circuit Court Reports	1961–1974	Conn. Cir. Ct.
Statutory compilations: Cite to Conn. Gen. Stat..
General Statutes of Connecticut		Conn. Gen. Stat. § x-x (year)
Connecticut General Statutes Annotated (West)		Conn. Gen. Stat. Ann. § x-x (West year)
Session laws: Cite to Conn. Acts, Conn. Pub. Acts, or Conn. Spec. Acts.
Connecticut Public & Special Acts	1972–date	year as volume Conn. Acts page no. (Reg. or Spec. Sess.)
Connecticut Public Acts	1650–1971	year as volume Conn. Pub. Acts page no.
Connecticut Special Acts (Resolves & Private Laws, Private & Special Laws, Special Laws, Resolves & Private Acts, Resolutions & Private Acts, Private Acts & Resolutions, and Special Acts & Resolutions)	1789–1971	year as volume Conn. Spec. Acts page no.
Connecticut Legislative Service (West)		year as volume Conn. Legis. Serv. page no. (West)
Administrative compilation
Regulations of Connecticut State Agencies		Conn. Agencies Regs. § x-x-x (year)
Administrative registers: Cite to Conn. L.J..
Connecticut Law Journal		vol. no. Conn. L.J. page no. (month day, year)
Connecticut Government Register (LexisNexis)		iss. no. Conn. Gov’t Reg. page no. (LexisNexis month year)
Delaware
Supreme Court (Del.), previously Court of Errors and Appeals (Del.): Cite to A., A.2d, or A.3d.
Atlantic Reporter	1886–date	A., A.2d, A.3d
Delaware Reports
31 Del. to 59 Del.	1919–1966	Del.
Boyce	1909–1920	e.g., 24 Del. (1 Boyce)
Pennewill	1897–1909	e.g., 17 Del. (1 Penne.)
Marvel	1893–1897	e.g., 15 Del. (1 Marv.)
Houston	1855–1893	e.g., 6 Del. (1 Houst.)
Harrington	1832–1855	e.g., 1 Del. (1 Harr.)
Delaware Cases	1792–1830	Del. Cas.
Court of Chancery (Del. Ch.): Cite to A., A.2d, or A.3d.
Atlantic Reporter	1886–date	A., A.2d, A.3d
Delaware Chancery Reports	1814–1968	Del. Ch.
Delaware Cases	1792–1830	Del. Cas.
Superior Court (Del. Super. Ct.), previously Superior Court and Orphans’ Court (Del. Super. Ct. & Orphans’ Ct.): Cite to A.2d or A.3d, if found there; else, cite to one of the official reporters listed under Supreme Court (Del.).
Atlantic Reporter	1951–date	A.2d, A.3d
Family Court (Del. Fam. Ct.): Cite to A.2d or A.3d.
Atlantic Reporter	1977–date	A.2d, A.3d
Statutory compilations: Cite to Del. Code Ann..
Delaware Code Annotated (LexisNexis)		Del. Code Ann. tit. title locator, § section locator (year)
West’s Delaware Code Annotated		Del. Code Ann. tit. title locator, § section locator (West year)
Session laws: Cite to Del. Laws.
Laws of Delaware		vol. no. Del. Laws page no. (year)
Delaware Code Annotated year Advance Legislative Service (LexisNexis)		year as volume-pamph. no. Del. Code. Ann. Adv. Legis. Serv. page no. (LexisNexis)
West’s Delaware Legislative Service		year as volume Del. Legis. Serv. page no. (West)
Administrative compilations: Cite to Del. Admin. Code.
Delaware Administrative Code		x-x-x Del. Admin. Code § x (year)
Code of Delaware Regulations (LexisNexis)		x-x-x Del. Code Regs. § x (LexisNexis year)
Administrative registers: Cite to Del. Reg. Regs..
Delaware Register of Regulations		vol. no. Del. Reg. Regs. page no. (month day, year)
Delaware Government Register (LexisNexis)		iss. no. Del Gov’t Reg. page no. (LexisNexis month year)
District of Columbia
Court of Appeals (D.C.), previously Municipal Court of Appeals (D.C.): Cite to A.2d or A.3d.
Atlantic Reporter	1943–date	A.2d, A.3d
United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit (D.C. Cir.), previously Court of Appeals of/for the District of Columbia (D.C. Cir.), previously Supreme Court of the District of Columbia (D.C.): Cite to F., F.2d, or F.3d.
Federal Reporter	1919–date	F., F.2d, F.3d
United States Court of Appeals Reports	1941–date	U.S. App. D.C.
Appeal Cases, District of Columbia	1893–1941	App. D.C.
District of Columbia Reports
Tucker and Clephane	1892–1893	21 D.C. (Tuck. & Cl.)
Mackey	1880–1892	12–20 D.C. (Mackey 1–9)
MacArthur and Mackey	1879–1880	11 D.C. (MacArth. & M.)
MacArthur	1873–1879	8–10 D.C. (MacArth. 1–3)
District of Columbia Reports (reported by Mackey)	1863–1872	6–7 D.C.
Hayward & Hazleton, Circuit Court (Circuit Court Reports, vols. 6–7)	1840–1863	1–2 Hay. & Haz.
Cranch, Circuit Court	1801–1840	1–5 D.C. (Cranch 1–5)
Superior Court (D.C. Super. Ct.), previously Municipal Court (D.C. Mun. Ct.): Cite to Daily Wash. L. Rptr.
Daily Washington Law Reporter	1971–date	Daily Wash. L. Rptr.
Statutory compilations: Cite to D.C. Code.
District of Columbia Official Code (LexisNexis)		D.C. Code § x-x (year)
West's District of Columbia Code Annotated (West)		D.C. Code Ann. § x-x (West year)
Session laws: Cite to Stat., D.C. Reg., or D.C. Code Adv. Leg. Serv..
United States Statutes at Large		vol. no. Stat. page no. (year)
District of Columbia Register		vol. no. D.C. Reg. page no. (month day, year)
District of Columbia Official Code Lexis Advance Legislative Service		year as volume-pamph. no. D.C. Code Adv. Leg. Serv. page no.
District of Columbia Session Law Service West		year as volume D.C. Sess. L. Serv. page no. (West)
Municipal regulations: Cite to D.C. Mun. Regs..
Code of D.C. Municipal Regulations		D.C. Mun. Regs. tit. title locator, § section locator (year)
Code of District of Columbia Municipal Regulations (LexisNexis)		D.C. Code Mun. Regs. tit. title locator, § section locator (LexisNexis year)
Administrative register
District of Columbia Register		vol. no. D.C. Reg. page no. (month day, year)
Florida
Supreme Court (Fla.): Cite to So., So. 2d, or So. 3d.
Southern Reporter	1886–date	So., So. 2d, So. 3d
Florida Reports	1846–1948	Fla.
Florida Law Weekly	1978–date	Fla. L. Weekly
District Court of Appeal (Fla. Dist. Ct. App.): Cite to So. 2d or So. 3d.
Southern Reporter	1957–date	So. 2d, So. 3d
Florida Law Weekly	1978–date	Fla. L. Weekly
Circuit Court (Fla. Cir. Ct.), County Court (e.g., Fla. Orange County Ct.), Public Service Commission (Fla. P.S.C.), and other lower courts of record: Cite to Fla. Supp. or Fla. Supp. 2d.
Florida Supplement	1950–1991	Fla. Supp., Fla. Supp. 2d
Florida Law Weekly Supplement	1992–date	Fla. L. Weekly Supp.
Statutory compilations: Cite to Fla. Stat..
Florida Statutes		Fla. Stat. § x.x (year)
West’s Florida Statutes Annotated		Fla. Stat. Ann. § x.x (West year)
LexisNexis Florida Statutes Annotated		Fla. Stat. Ann. § x.x (LexisNexis year)
Session laws: Cite to Fla. Laws.
Laws of Florida		year as volume Fla. Laws page no.
West’s Florida Session Law Service		year as volume Fla. Sess. Law Serv. page no. (West)
Administrative compilation
Florida Administrative Code Annotated (LexisNexis)		Fla. Admin. Code Ann. r. x-x.x (year)
Administrative register: Cite to Fla. Admin. Reg..
Florida Administrative Register	2012–date	vol. no. Fla. Admin. Reg. page no. (month day, year)
Florida Administrative Weekly (LexisNexis)	1996–2012	vol. no. Fla. Admin. Weekly page no. (month day, year)
Georgia
Supreme Court (Ga.): Cite to S.E. or S.E.2d.
South Eastern Reporter	1887–date	S.E., S.E.2d
Georgia Reports	1846–date	Ga.
Court of Appeals (Ga. Ct. App.): Cite to S.E. or S.E.2d.
South Eastern Reporter	1907–date	S.E., S.E.2d
Georgia Appeals Reports	1907–date	Ga. App.
Statutory compilations: Cite to Ga. Code Ann. (published by LexisNexis).
Official Code of Georgia Annotated (LexisNexis)		Ga. Code Ann. § x-x-x (year)
West’s Code of Georgia Annotated		Ga. Code Ann. § x-x-x (West year)
Session laws: Cite to Ga. Laws.
Georgia Laws		year as volume Ga. Laws page no.
Georgia year Advance Legislative Service (LexisNexis)		year as volume-pamph. no. Ga. Code Ann. Adv. Legis. Serv. page no. (LexisNexis)
West’s Georgia Legislative Service		year as volume Ga. Code Ann. Adv. Legis. Serv. page no. (West)
Administrative compilation
Official Compilation Rules and Regulations of the State of Georgia		Ga. Comp. R. & Regs. x-x-x.x (year)
Administrative register
Georgia Government Register (LexisNexis)		iss. no. Ga. Gov’t Reg. page no. (LexisNexis month year)
Hawaii
Supreme Court (Haw.): Cite to P.2d or P.3d.
Pacific Reporter	1959–date	P.2d, P.3d
West’s Hawaii Reports (begins with vol. 76)	1994–date	Haw.
Hawaii Reports (ends with vol. 75)	1847–1994	Haw.
Intermediate Court of Appeals (Haw. Ct. App.): Cite to P.2d or P.3d.
Pacific Reporter	1980–date	P.2d, P.3d
West’s Hawaii Reports	1994–date	Haw.
Hawaii Appellate Reports	1980–1994	Haw. App.
Statutory compilations: Cite to Haw. Rev. Stat..
Hawaii Revised Statutes		Haw. Rev. Stat. § x-x (year)
Michie’s Hawaii Revised Statutes Annotated (LexisNexis)		Haw. Rev. Stat. Ann. § x-x (LexisNexis year)
West’s Hawai'i Revised Statutes Annotated		Haw. Rev. Stat. Ann. § x-x (West year)
Session laws: Cite to Haw. Sess. Laws.
Session Laws of Hawaii		year as volume Haw. Sess. Laws page no.
Michie’s Hawaii Revised Statutes Annotated Advance Legislative Service (LexisNexis)		year as volume-pamph. no. Haw. Rev. Stat. Ann. Adv. Legis. Serv. page no. (LexisNexis)
West’s Hawai'i Legislative Service		year as volume Haw. Legis. Serv. page no. (West)
Administrative compilation
Code of Hawaii Rules (LexisNexis)		Haw. Code R. § x-x-x (LexisNexis year)
Administrative register
Hawaii Government Register (LexisNexis)		iss. no. Haw. Gov’t Reg. page no. (LexisNexis month year)
Idaho
Supreme Court (Idaho): Cite to P., P.2d, or P.3d.
Pacific Reporter	1883–date	P., P.2d, P.3d
Idaho Reports	1866–date	Idaho
Court of Appeals (Idaho Ct. App.): Cite to P.2d or P.3d.
Pacific Reporter	1982–date	P.2d, P.3d
Idaho Reports	1982–date	Idaho
Statutory compilations: Cite to Idaho Code (published by LexisNexis).
Idaho Code (LexisNexis)		Idaho Code § x-x (year)
West’s Idaho Code Annotated		Idaho Code Ann. § x-x (West year)
Session laws: Cite to Idaho Sess. Laws.
Idaho Session Laws		year as volume Idaho Sess. Laws page no.
Idaho Code Annotated Advance Legislative Service (LexisNexis)		year as volume-pamph. no. Idaho Code Ann. Adv. Legis. Serv. page no. (LexisNexis)
West’s Idaho Legislative Service		year as volume Idaho Legis. Serv. page no. (West)
Administrative compilation: http://adminrules.gov/rules/current
Idaho Administrative Code		Idaho Admin. Code r. x.x.x.x (year)
Administrative register
Idaho Administrative Bulletin		vol. no. Idaho Admin. Bull. page no. (month day, year)
Illinois
Public domain format: Illinois has adopted a public domain citation format for cases effective July 1, 2011. See Illinois Supreme Court Rule 6. The format is: People v. Doe, 2011 IL 102345 People v. Doe, 2011 IL App (1st) 101234
Supreme Court (Ill.): Cite to N.E., N.E.2d, or N.E.3d.
North Eastern Reporter	1884–date	N.E., N.E.2d, N.E.3d
Illinois Official Reports	2011–date	year as volume IL case no.
Illinois Reports
11 Ill. to date	1849–2011	Ill., Ill. 2d
Gilman	1844–1849	e.g., 6 Ill. (1 Gilm.)
Scammon	1832–1843	e.g., 2 Ill. (1 Scam.)
Breese	1819–1831	1 Ill. (Breese)
West's Illinois Decisions	1976–date	Ill. Dec.
Appellate Court (Ill. App. Ct.): Cite to N.E.2d, N.E.3d.
North Eastern Reporter	1936–date	N.E.2d, N.E.3d
Illinois Official Reports	2011–date	year as volume IL App (court no.) case no.
lllinois Appellate Court Reports	1877–2011	Ill. App., Ill. App. 2d, Ill. App. 3d
West’s Illinois Decisions	1976–date	Ill. Dec.
Illinois Circuit Court (Ill. Cir. Ct.), previously Court of Claims (Ill. Ct. Cl.): Cite to Ill. Ct. Cl..
Illinois Court of Claims Reports	1889–date	Ill. Ct. Cl.
Statutory compilations: Cite to Ill. Comp. Stat..
Illinois Compiled Statutes		ch. no. Ill. Comp. Stat. act no./sec. no. (year)
West’s Smith-Hurd Illinois Compiled Statutes Annotated		ch. no. Ill. Comp. Stat. Ann. act no./sec. no. (West year)
Illinois Compiled Statutes Annotated (LexisNexis)		ch. no. Ill. Comp. Stat. Ann. act no./sec. no. (LexisNexis year)
Session laws: Cite to Ill. Laws.
Laws of Illinois		year as volume Ill. Laws page no.
Illinois Legislative Service (West)		year as volume Ill. Legis. Serv. page no. (West)
Illinois Compiled Statutes Annotated Advance Legislative Service (LexisNexis)		year as volume-pamph. no. Ill. Comp. Stat. Ann. Adv. Legis. Serv. page no. (LexisNexis)
Administrative compilations: Cite to Ill. Admin. Code.
Illinois Administrative Code		Ill. Admin. Code tit. title locator, § section locator (year)
Code of Illinois Rules (LexisNexis)		vol. no. Ill. Code R. rule no. (LexisNexis year)
Administrative register
Illinois Register		vol. no. Ill. Reg. page no. (month day, year)
Indiana
Supreme Court (Ind.): Cite to N.E., N.E.2d, N.E.3d.
North Eastern Reporter	1885–date	N.E., N.E.2d, N.E.3d
Indiana Reports	1848–1981	Ind.
Blackford	1817–1847	Blackf.
Court of Appeals (Ind. Ct. App.), previously Appellate Court (Ind. App.): Cite to N.E., N.E.2d, or N.E.3d.
North Eastern Reporter	1891–date	N.E., N.E.2d, N.E.3d
Indiana Court of Appeals Reports (prior to 1972, Indiana Appellate Court Reports)	1890–1979	Ind. App.
Tax Court (Ind. T.C.): Cite to N.E.2d or N.E.3d.
North Eastern Reporter	1986–date	N.E., N.E.2d, N.E.3d
Statutory compilations: Cite to Ind. Code.
Indiana Code		Ind. Code § x-x-x-x (year)
West’s Annotated Indiana Code		Ind. Code Ann. § x-x-x-x (West year)
Burns Indiana Statutes Annotated (LexisNexis)		Ind. Code Ann. § x-x-x-x (LexisNexis year)
Session laws: Cite to Ind. Acts.
Acts, Indiana		year as volume Ind. Acts page no.
West’s Indiana Legislative Service		year as volume Ind. Legis. Serv. page no. (West)
Burns Indiana Statutes Annotated Advance Legislative Service (LexisNexis)		year as volume-pamph. no. Ind. Stat. Ann. Adv. Legis. Serv. page no. (LexisNexis)
Administrative compilations: Cite to Ind. Admin. Code.
Indiana Administrative Code		tit. no. Ind. Admin. Code rule no. (year)
West’s Indiana Administrative Code		tit. no. Ind. Admin. Code rule no. (West year)
Administrative register
Indiana Register		vol. no. Ind. Reg. page no. (month day, year)
Iowa
Supreme Court (Iowa): Cite to N.W. or N.W.2d.
North Western Reporter	1879–date	N.W., N.W.2d
Iowa Reports (Cite to edition published by Clarke for vols. 1–8.)	1855–1968	Iowa
Greene	1847–1854	Greene
Morris	1839–1846	Morris
Bradford	1838–1841	Bradf.
Court of Appeals (Iowa Ct. App.): Cite to N.W.2d.
North Western Reporter	1977–date	N.W.2d
Statutory compilations: Cite to Iowa Code.
Code of Iowa		Iowa Code § x.x (year)
West’s Iowa Code Annotated		Iowa Code Ann. § x.x (West year)
Session laws: Cite to Iowa Acts.
Acts of the State of Iowa		year as volume Iowa Acts page no.
Iowa Legislative Service (West)		year as volume Iowa Legis. Serv. page no. (West)
Administrative compilation
Iowa Administrative Code		Iowa Admin. Code r. x-x.x (year)
Administrative register
Iowa Administrative Bulletin		vol. no. Iowa Admin. Bull. page no. (month day, year)
Kansas
Supreme Court (Kan.): Cite to P., P.2d, or P.3d.
Pacific Reporter	1883–date	P., P.2d, P.3d
Kansas Reports	1862–date	Kan.
McCahon	1858–1868	McCahon
Court of Appeals (Kan. Ct. App.): Cite to P., P.2d, or P.3d.
Pacific Reporter	1895–1901	P.
	1977–date	P.2d, P.3d
Kansas Court of Appeals Reports	1895–1901	Kan. App.
	1977–date	Kan. App. 2d
Statutory compilations: Cite to Kan. Stat. Ann..
Kansas Statutes Annotated		Kan. Stat. Ann. § x-x (year)
West’s Kansas Statutes Annotated		Kan. Stat. Ann. § x-x (West year)
Session laws: Cite to Kan. Sess. Laws.
Session Laws of Kansas		year as volume Kan. Sess. Laws page no.
West’s Kansas Legislative Service		year as volume Kan. Legis. Serv. page no. (West)
Administrative compilation
Kansas Administrative Regulations (updated by supplements)		Kan. Admin. Regs. § x-x-x (year)
Administrative register
Kansas Register		vol. no. Kan. Reg. page no. (month day, year)
Kentucky
Supreme Court (Ky.): before 1976 the Court of Appeals (Ky.) was the highest state court. Cite to S.W., S.W.2d, or S.W.3d.
South Western Reporter	1886–date	S.W., S.W.2d, S.W.3d
Kentucky Reports
78 Ky. to 314 Ky.	1879–1951	Ky.
Bush	1866–1879	e.g., 66 Ky. (3 Bush)
Duvall	1863–1866	e.g., 62 Ky. (1 Duv.)
Metcalf	1858–1863	e.g., 58 Ky. (1 Met.)
Monroe, Ben	1840–1857	e.g., 53 Ky. (14 B. Mon.)
Dana	1833–1840	e.g., 35 Ky. (5 Dana)
Marshall, J.J.	1829–1832	e.g., 27 Ky. (4 J.J. Marsh.)
Monroe, T.B.	1824–1828	e.g., 19 Ky. (3 T.B. Mon.)
Littell	1822–1824	e.g., 13 Ky. (3 Litt.)
Littell’s Selected Cases	1795–1821	e.g., 16 Ky. (1 Litt. Sel. Cas.)
Marshall, A.K.	1817–1821	e.g., 10 Ky. (3 A.K. Marsh.)
Bibb	1808–1817	e.g., 6 Ky. (3 Bibb)
Hardin	1805–1808	3 Ky. (Hard.)
Sneed	1801–1805	2 Ky. (Sneed)
Hughes	1785–1801	1 Ky. (Hughes)
Kentucky Opinions	1864–1886	Ky. Op.
Kentucky Law Reporter	1880–1908	Ky. L. Rptr.
Kentucky Appellate Reporter	1994–2000	Ky. App.
Kentucky Attorneys Memo	2001–2007	Ky. Att’y Memo
Kentucky Law Summary	1966–date	Ky. L. Summ.
Court of Appeals (Ky. Ct. App.) (for decisions before 1976, see Kentucky Supreme Court): Cite to S.W.2d or S.W.3d.
South Western Reporter	1976–date	S.W.2d, S.W.3d
Kentucky Appellate Reporter	1994–2000	Ky. App.
Kentucky Attorneys Memo	2001–2007	Ky. Att’y Memo
Kentucky Law Summary	1966–date	Ky. L. Summ.
Statutory compilations: Cite to one of the following codes.
Baldwin’s Kentucky Revised Statutes Annotated (West)		Ky. Rev. Stat. Ann. § x.x (West year)
Michie’s Kentucky Revised Statutes Annotated (LexisNexis)		Ky. Rev. Stat. Ann. § x.x (LexisNexis year)
Session laws: Cite to Ky. Acts.
Acts of Kentucky		year as volume Ky. Acts page no.
Kentucky Revised Statutes and Rules Service (West)		year as volume Ky. Rev. Stat. & R. Serv. page no. (West)
Michie’s Kentucky Revised Statutes Advance Legislative Service (LexisNexis)		year as volume-pamph. no. Ky. Rev. Stat. Adv. Legis. Serv. page no. (LexisNexis)
Administrative compilation
Kentucky Administrative Regulations Service		tit. no. Ky. Admin. Regs. rule no. (year)
Administrative register
Administrative Register of Kentucky		vol. no. Ky. Admin. Reg. page no. (month year)
Louisiana
Public domain citation format: Louisiana has adopted a public domain citation format for cases after December 31, 1993. See Rules of the Supreme Court of Louisiana, part G, section 8. The format is: Smith v. Jones, 93-2345 (La. 7/15/94); 650 So.2d 500 Smith v. Jones, 93-2345 (La. App. 1 Cir. 7/15/94); 660 So.2d 400 Smith v. Jones, 94-2345, p. 7 (La. 7/15/94); 650 So.2d 500, 504
Supreme Court (La.), before 1813 the Superior Court of Louisiana (La.) and the Superior Court of the Territory of Orleans (Orleans): Cite to So., So. 2d, or So. 3d.
Southern Reporter	1886–date	So., So. 2d, So. 3d
Louisiana Reports	1901–1972	La.
Louisiana Annual Reports	1846–1900	La. Ann.
Robinson	1841–1846	Rob.
Louisiana Reports	1830–1841	La.
Martin (Louisiana Term Reports)	1809–1830	Mart. (o.s.), Mart. (n.s.)
Court of Appeal (La. Ct. App.): Cite to So., So. 2d, or So. 3d.
Southern Reporter	1928–date	So., So. 2d, So. 3d
Louisiana Court of Appeals Reports	1924–1932	La. App.
Peltier’s Decisions, Parish at Orleans	1917–1924	Pelt.
Teissier, Orleans Court of Appeals	1903–1917	Teiss.
Gunby’s Reports	1885	Gunby
McGloin	1881–1884	McGl.
Statutory compilations: Cite to one of the following codes.
West’s Louisiana Statutes Annotated		La. Stat. Ann. § x:x (year)
West’s Louisiana Children’s Code Annotated		La. Child. Code Ann. art. article no. (year)
West’s Louisiana Civil Code Annotated		La. Civ. Code Ann. art. article no. (year)
West’s Louisiana Code of Civil Procedure Annotated		La. Code Civ. Proc. Ann. art. article no. (year)
West’s Louisiana Code of Criminal Procedure Annotated		La. Code Crim. Proc. Ann. art. article no. (year)
West’s Louisiana Code of Evidence Annotated		La. Code Evid. Ann. art. article no. (year)
West's Louisiana Constitution Annotated		La. Const. Ann. art. article no. (year)
Session laws: Cite to La. Acts.
State of Louisiana: Acts of the Legislature year as volume La. Acts page no.
West’s Louisiana Session Law Service		year as volume La. Sess. Law Serv. page no. (West)
Administrative compilation
Louisiana Administrative Code		La. Admin. Code tit. title locator, § section locator (year)
Administrative register
Louisiana Register		vol. no. La. Reg. page no. (month day, year)
Maine
Public domain citation format: Maine has adopted a public domain citation format for cases after December 31, 1996. See Administrative Order of the Supreme Judicial Court—New Citation Form (Aug. 20, 1996). The format is: Estate of Hoch v. Stifel, 2011 ME 24, 16 A.3d 137 Estate of Hoch v. Stifel, 2011 ME 24, ¶ 11, 16 A.3d 137 Saucier v. State Tax Assessor, 1998 ME 61, 708 A.2d 28
Supreme Judicial Court (Me.): Cite to A., A.2d or A.3d.
Atlantic Reporter	1885–date	A., A.2d, A.3d
Maine Reports	1820–1965	Me.
Statutory compilations: Cite to Me. Stat..
West’s Maine Statutes		Me. Stat. tit. title locator, § section locator (year)
Maine Revised Statutes Annotated (West)		Me. Rev. Stat. Ann. tit. title locator, § section locator (year)
Session laws: Cite to Me. Laws.
Laws of the State of Maine		year as volume Me. Laws page no.
Maine Legislative Service (West)		year as volume Me. Legis. Serv. page no. (West)
Administrative compilation
Code of Maine Rules (LexisNexis)		full title no. Me. Code R. § section no. (LexisNexis year published)
Administrative register
Maine Government Register (LexisNexis)		iss. no. Me. Gov’t Reg. page no. (LexisNexis month year)
Maryland
Court of Appeals (Md.): Cite to A., A.2d or A.3d.
Atlantic Reporter	1885–date	A., A.2d, A.3d
Maryland Reports	1851–date	Md.
Gill	1843–1851	Gill
Gill and Johnson	1829–1842	G. & J.
Harris and Gill	1826–1829	H. & G.
Harris and Johnson	1800–1826	H. & J.
Harris and McHenry	1770–1774 1780–1799	H. & McH.
Court of Special Appeals (Md. Ct. Spec. App.): Cite to A.2d or A.3d.
Atlantic Reporter	1967–date	A.2d, A.3d
Maryland Appellate Reports	1967–date	Md. App.
Statutory compilations: Cite by subject to either Michie’s Md. Code Ann. or West’s Md. Code Ann..
Michie’s Annotated Code of Maryland (LexisNexis)		Md. Code Ann., subject § x-x (LexisNexis year published)
West’s Annotated Code of Maryland		Md. Code Ann., subject § x-x (West year)
Agriculture		Agric.
Business Occupations and Professions		Bus. Occ. & Prof.
Business Regulation		Bus. Reg.
Commercial Law		Com. Law
Constitutions		Const.
Corporations and Associations		Corps. & Ass’ns
Correctional Services		Corr. Servs.
Courts and Judicial Proceedings		Cts. & Jud. Proc.
Criminal Law		Crim. Law
Criminal Procedure		Crim. Proc.
Economic Development		Econ. Dev.
Education		Educ.
Election Law		Elec. Law
Environment		Envir.
Estates and Trusts		Est. & Trusts
Family Law		Fam. Law
Financial Institutions		Fin. Inst.
Health–General		Health–Gen.
Health Occupations		Health Occ.
Housing and Community Development		Hous. & Cmty. Dev.
Human Services		Hum. Servs.
Insurance		Ins.
Labor and Employment		Lab. & Empl.
Land Use		Land Use
Local Government		Local Gov't
Natural Resources		Nat. Res.
Public Safety		Pub. Safety
Public Utility		Pub. Util.
Real Property		Real Prop.
State Finance and Procurement		State Fin. & Proc.
State Government		State Gov’t
State Personnel and Pensions		State Pers. & Pens.
Tax–General		Tax–Gen.
Tax–Property		Tax–Prop.
Transportation		Transp.
Session laws: Cite to Md. Laws.
Laws of Maryland		year as volume Md. Laws page no.
Michie’s Annotated Code of Maryland Advance Legislative Service (LexisNexis)		year as volume-pamph. no. Md. Code Ann. Adv. Legis. Serv. page no. (LexisNexis)
West’s Maryland Legislative Service		year as volume Md. Legis. Serv. page no. (West)
Administrative compilation
Code of Maryland Regulations		Md. Code Regs. reg. no. (year)
Administrative register
Maryland Register		vol. no. Md. Reg. page no. (month day, year)
Massachusetts
Supreme Judicial Court (Mass.): Cite to N.E., or N.E.2d, N.E.3d..
North Eastern Reporter	1885–date	N.E., N.E.2d, N.E.3d
Massachusetts Reports
97 Mass. to date	1867–date	Mass.
Allen	1861–1867	e.g., 83 Mass. (1 Allen)
Gray	1854–1860	e.g., 67 Mass. (1 Gray)
Cushing	1848–1853	e.g., 55 Mass. (1 Cush.)
Metcalf	1840–1847	e.g., 42 Mass. (1 Met.)
Pickering	1822–1839	e.g., 18 Mass. (1 Pick.)
Tyng	1805–1822	e.g., 2 Mass. (1 Tyng)
Williams	1804–1805	1 Mass. (1 Will.)
Appeals Court (Mass. App. Ct.): Cite to N.E.2d, N.E.3d.
North Eastern Reporter	1972–date	N.E.2d, N.E.3d
Massachusetts Appeals Court Reports	1972–date	Mass. App. Ct.
Lower Courts (Mass. Dist. Ct., Bos. Mun. Ct.): Cite to Mass. App. Div., if found there; else cite to Mass. Supp. or Mass. App. Dec..
Reports of Massachusetts	1936–1950	Mass. App. Div.
Appellate Division	1980–date
Massachusetts Reports Supplement	1980–1983	Mass. Supp.
Massachusetts Appellate Decisions	1941–1977	Mass. App. Dec.
Appellate Division Advance Sheets	1975–1979	year as volume Mass. App. Div. Adv. Sh. page no.
Statutory compilations: Cite to Mass. Gen. Laws.
General Laws of Massachusetts (Mass. Bar Ass’n/West)		Mass. Gen. Laws ch. chapter no., § section no. (year)
Massachusetts General Laws Annotated (West)		Mass. Gen. Laws Ann. ch. chapter no., § section no. (West year)
Annotated Laws of Massachusetts (LexisNexis)		Mass. Ann. Laws ch. chapter no., § section no. (LexisNexis year)
Session laws: Cite to Mass. Acts.
Acts and Resolves of Massachusetts		year as volume Mass. Acts page no.
Massachusetts Legislative Service (West)		year as volume Mass. Legis. Serv. page no. (West)
Massachusetts Advance Legislative Service (LexisNexis)		year as volume-pamph. no. Mass. Adv. Legis. Serv. page no. (LexisNexis)
Administrative compilations: Cite to official Mass. Code Regs..
Code of Massachusetts Regulations		tit. no. Mass. Code Regs. sec. no. (year)
Code of Massachusetts Regulations (LexisNexis)		tit. no. Mass. Code Regs. sec. no. (LexisNexis year)
Administrative register
Massachusetts Register		iss. no. Mass. Reg. page no. (month day, year)
Michigan
Supreme Court (Mich.): Cite to N.W. or N.W.2d.
North Western Reporter	1879–date	N.W., N.W.2d
Michigan Reports	1847–date	Mich.
Douglass	1843–1847	Doug.
Blume, Unreported Opinions	1836–1843	Blume Unrep. Op.
Blume, Supreme Court Transactions	1836–1843	Blume Sup. Ct. Trans.
Court of Appeals (Mich. Ct. App.): Cite to N.W.2d.
North Western Reporter	1965–date	N.W.2d
Michigan Appeals Reports	1965–date	Mich. App.
Court of Claims (Mich. Ct. Cl.): Cite to Mich. Ct. Cl.
Michigan Court of Claims Reports	1939–1942	Mich. Ct. Cl.
Statutory compilations: Cite to Mich. Comp. Laws.
Michigan Compiled Laws (1979)		Mich. Comp. Laws § x.x (year)
Michigan Compiled Laws Annotated (West)		Mich. Comp. Laws Ann. § x.x (West year)
Michigan Compiled Laws Service (LexisNexis)		Mich. Comp. Laws Serv. § x.x (LexisNexis year)
Session laws: Cite to Mich. Pub. Acts.
Public and Local Acts of the Legislature of the State of Michigan		year as volume Mich. Pub. Acts page no.
Michigan Legislative Service (West)		year as volume Mich. Legis. Serv. page no. (West)
Michigan Advance Legislative Service (LexisNexis)		year as volume-pamph. no. Mich. Adv. Legis. Serv. page no. (LexisNexis)
Administrative compilation
Michigan Administrative Code		Mich. Admin. Code r. x.x (year)
Administrative register
Michigan Register		iss. no. Mich. Reg. page no. (month day, year)
Minnesota
Supreme Court (Minn.): Cite to N.W. or N.W.2d.
North Western Reporter	1879–date	N.W., N.W.2d
Minnesota Reports	1851–1977	Minn.
Court of Appeals (Minn. Ct. App.): Cite to N.W.2d.
North Western Reporter	1983–date	N.W.2d
Statutory compilations: Cite to Minn. Stat..
Minnesota Statutes		Minn. Stat. § x.x (year)
Minnesota Statutes Annotated (West)		Minn. Stat. Ann. § x.x (West year)
Session laws: Cite to Minn. Laws.
Laws of Minnesota		year as volume Minn. Laws page no.
Minnesota Session Law Service (West)		year as volume Minn. Sess. Law Serv. page no. (West)
Administrative compilation
Minnesota Rules		Minn. R. rule no. (year)
Administrative register
Minnesota State Register		vol. no. Minn. Reg. page no. (month day, year)
Mississippi
Public domain citation format: Mississippi has adopted a public domain citation format for cases after July 1, 1997. See Mississippi Rules of Appellate Procedure, Rule 28(f). The format is: Smith v. Jones, 95-KA-01234-SCT (Miss. 1997) Smith v. Jones, 95-KA-01234-SCT (¶1) (Miss. 1997)
Supreme Court (Miss.): Cite to So., So. 2d, or So. 3d.
Southern Reporter	1886–date	So., So. 2d, So. 3d
Mississippi Reports
23 Miss. to 254 Miss.	1851–1966	Miss.
Smedes and Marshall	1843–1850	e.g., 9 Miss. (1 S. & M.)
Howard	1834–1843	e.g., 2 Miss. (1 Howard)
Walker	1818–1832	1 Miss. (1 Walker)
Mississippi Decisions	1820–1885	Miss. Dec.
Court of Appeals (Miss. Ct. App.): Cite to So. 2d or So. 3d.
Southern Reporter	1995–date	So. 2d, So. 3d
Statutory compilations: Cite to Miss. Code Ann. (published by LexisNexis).
Mississippi Code 1972 Annotated (LexisNexis)		Miss. Code Ann. § x-x-x (year)
West’s Annotated Mississippi Code		Miss. Code Ann. § x-x-x (West year)
Session laws: Cite to Miss. Laws.
General Laws of Mississippi		year as volume Miss. Laws page no.
Mississippi General Laws Advance Sheets (LexisNexis)		year as volume-pamph. no. Miss. Laws Adv. Sh. page no. (LexisNexis)
West's Mississippi Legislative Service		year as volume Miss. Legis. Serv. page no. (West)
Administrative compilation
Code of Mississippi Rules (LexisNexis)		tit. no.-ch. no. Miss. Code R. § x (LexisNexis year)
Administrative register
Mississippi Government Register (LexisNexis)		iss. no. Miss. Gov’t Reg. page no. (LexisNexis month year)
Missouri
Supreme Court (Mo.): Cite to S.W., S.W.2d, or S.W.3d.
South Western Reporter	1886–date	S.W., S.W.2d, S.W.3d
Missouri Reports	1821–1956	Mo.
Court of Appeals (Mo. Ct. App.): Cite to S.W., S.W.2d, or S.W.3d.
South Western Reporter	1902–date	S.W., S.W.2d, S.W.3d
Missouri Appeals Reports	1876–1954	Mo. App.
Statutory compilations: Cite to Mo. Rev. Stat..
Missouri Revised Statutes		Mo. Rev. Stat. § x.x (year)
Vernon’s Annotated Missouri Statutes (West)		Mo. Ann. Stat. § x.x (West year)
Session laws: Cite to Mo. Laws.
Session Laws of Missouri		year as volume Mo. Laws page no.
Missouri Legislative Service (West)		year as volume Mo. Legis. Serv. page no. (West)
Administrative compilation
Missouri Code of State Regulations Annotated		Mo. Code Regs. Ann. tit. title no., § section no. (year)
Administrative register
Missouri Register		vol. no. Mo. Reg. page no. (month day, year)
Montana
Public domain citation format: Montana has adopted a public domain citation format for cases after December 31, 1997. See: AF 06-0632 (02-25-10) Order In re: Opinion Forms and Citation Standards of the Supreme Court of Montana Adoption of Public Domain and Neutral-Format Citation (Dec. 16, 1997) AF 07-0064 (01-22-09) Order in the Matter of Amending Citations Standards for the Montana Supreme Court The format is: Doe v. Roe, 1998 MT 12, ¶¶ 44–45, 286 Mont. 175, 989 P.2d 1312
Supreme Court (Mont.): Cite to P., P.2d, or P.3d.
Pacific Reporter	1883–date	P., P.2d, P.3d
Montana Reports	1868–date	Mont.
State Reporter	1945–date	State Rptr.
Statutory compilations: Cite to Mont. Code Ann..
Montana Code Annotated		Mont. Code Ann. § x-x-x (year)
West's Montana Code Annotated		Mont. Code Ann. § x-x-x (West year)
Session laws
Laws of Montana		year as volume Mont. Laws page no.
Administrative compilation
Administrative Rules of Montana		Mont. Admin. R. rule no. (year)
Administrative register
Montana Administrative Register		iss. no. Mont. Admin. Reg. page no. (month day, year)
Nebraska
Supreme Court (Neb.): Cite to N.W. or N.W.2d.
North Western Reporter	1879–date	N.W., N.W.2d
Nebraska Reports	1860–date	Neb.
Court of Appeals (Neb. Ct. App.): Cite to N.W.2d.
North Western Reporter	1992–date	N.W.2d
Nebraska Appellate Reports	1992–date	Neb. App.
Statutory compilations: Cite to Neb. Rev. Stat..
Revised Statutes of Nebraska		Neb. Rev. Stat. § x-x (year)
Revised Statutes of Nebraska Annotated (LexisNexis)		Neb. Rev. Stat. Ann. § x-x (LexisNexis year)
West's Revised Statutes of Nebraska Annotated		Neb. Rev. Stat. Ann. § x-x (West year)
Session laws: Cite to Neb. Laws.
Laws of Nebraska		year as volume Neb. Laws page no.
West's Nebraska Legislative Service		year as volume Neb. Legis. Serv. page no. (West)
Administrative compilation
Nebraska Administrative Code		tit. no. Neb. Admin. Code § x-x (year)
Nevada
Supreme Court (Nev.): Cite to P., P.2d, or P.3d.
Pacific Reporter	1883–date	P., P.2d, P.3d
Nevada Reports	1865–date	Nev.
Statutory compilations: Cite to Nev. Rev. Stat..
Nevada Revised Statutes		Nev. Rev. Stat. § x.x (year)
Michie's Nevada Revised Statutes Annotated (LexisNexis)		Nev. Rev. Stat. Ann. § x.x (LexisNexis year)
West’s Nevada Revised Statutes Annotated		Nev. Rev. Stat. Ann. § x.x (West year)
Session laws: Cite to Nev. Stat..
Statutes of Nevada		year as volume Nev. Stat. page no.
West’s Nevada Legislative Service		year as volume Nev. Legis. Serv. page no. (West)
Administrative compilation
Nevada Administrative Code		Nev. Admin. Code § x.x (year)
Administrative register
Nevada Register of Administrative Regulations		vol. no. Nev. Reg. Admin. Regs. reg. no. (month day, year)
New Hampshire
Supreme Court (N.H.): Cite to A., A.2d, or A.3d.
Atlantic Reporter	1885–date	A., A.2d, A.3d
New Hampshire Reports	1816–date	N.H.
Statutory compilations: Cite to N.H. Rev. Stat. Ann. (published by West).
New Hampshire Revised Statutes Annotated (West)		N.H. Rev. Stat. Ann. § x:x (year)
Lexis New Hampshire Revised Statutes Annotated		N.H. Rev. Stat. Ann. § x:x (LexisNexis year)
Session laws: Cite to N.H. Laws or N.H. Legis. Serv..
Laws of the State of New Hampshire (West)		year as volume N.H. Laws page no.
New Hampshire Legislative Service (West)		year as volume N.H. Legis. Serv. page no.
Lexis New Hampshire Revised Statutes Annotated year Advance Legislative Service (LexisNexis)		year as volume-pamph. no. N.H. Rev. Stat. Ann. Adv. Legis. Serv. page no. (LexisNexis)
Administrative compilations: Cite to N.H. Code Admin. R. Ann..
New Hampshire Code of Administrative Rules Annotated (LexisNexis)		N.H. Code Admin. R. Ann. dep't name as abbreviated in Rules rule no. (year)
Code of New Hampshire Rules (LexisNexis)		N.H. Code R. dep't name as abbreviated in Rules rule no. (LexisNexis year)
Administrative registers: Cite to N.H. Rulemaking Reg..
New Hampshire Rulemaking Register		vol. no. N.H. Rulemaking Reg. page no. (month day, year)
New Hampshire Government Register (LexisNexis)		iss. no. N.H. Gov’t Reg. page no. (LexisNexis month year)
New Jersey
Supreme Court (N.J.), previously Court of Errors and Appeals (N.J.): Cite to A., A.2d, or A.3d.
Atlantic Reporter	1885–date	A., A.2d, A.3d
New Jersey Reports	1948–date	N.J.
New Jersey Law Reports	1790–1948	N.J.L.
New Jersey Equity Reports	1845–1948	N.J. Eq.
New Jersey Miscellaneous Reports	1923–1948	N.J. Misc.
Superior Court (N.J. Super. Ct. App. Div., N.J. Super. Ct. Ch. Div., N.J. Super. Ct. Law Div.), previously Court of Chancery (N.J. Ch.), Supreme Court (N.J. Sup. Ct.), and Prerogative Court (N.J. Prerog. Ct.): Cite to A., A.2d, or A.3d.
Atlantic Reporter	1885–date	A., A.2d, A.3d
New Jersey Superior Court Reports	1948–date	N.J. Super.
New Jersey Law Reports	1790–1948	N.J.L.
New Jersey Equity Reports	1830–1948	N.J. Eq.
New Jersey Miscellaneous Reports	1923–1948	N.J. Misc.
County Court (e.g., Essex County Ct.) and other lower courts: Cite to A.2d.
Tax Court (N.J. Tax Ct.): Cite to N.J. Tax.
New Jersey Tax Court Reports	1979–date	N.J. Tax
Statutory compilations: Cite to N.J. Stat. Ann..
New Jersey Statutes Annotated (West)		N.J. Stat. Ann. § x:x (West year)
New Jersey Revised Statutes (2013)		N.J. Rev. Stat. § x:x (year)
Session laws: Cite to N.J. Laws.
Laws of New Jersey		year as volume N.J. Laws page no.
New Jersey Session Law Service (West)		year as volume N.J. Sess. Law Serv. page no. (West)
Administrative compilation
New Jersey Administrative Code (LexisNexis)		N.J. Admin. Code § x:x-x.x (year)
Administrative register
New Jersey Register (LexisNexis)		vol. no. N.J. Reg. page no. (month day, year)
Administrative report
New Jersey Administrative Reports	1979–date	N.J. Admin., N.J. Admin. 2d
New Mexico
Public domain citation format: New Mexico has adopted a public domain citation format for cases effective July 1, 2013. See New Mexico Supreme Court Rule 23-112 (effective June 4, 2004). The format is: Bianco v. Horror One Prods., 2009-NMSC-006, ¶ 10, 145 N.M. 551 Bianco v. Horror One Prods., 2009-NMSC-006, ¶ 10, 145 N.M. 551, 202 P.3d 810 State v. Dickert, 2012-NMCA-004, ¶ 28 State v. Dickert, 2012-NMCA-004, ¶ 28, 268 P.3d 515
Supreme Court (N.M.): Cite to P., P.2d, or P.3d.
Pacific Reporter	1883–date	P., P.2d, P.3d
New Mexico Reports	1852–2012	N.M.
Court of Appeals (N.M. Ct. App.): Cite to P.2d or P.3d.
Pacific Reporter	1967–date	P.2d, P.3d
New Mexico Reports	1967–2012	N.M.
Statutory compilations: Cite to N.M. Stat. Ann..
New Mexico Statutes Annotated 1978 (Conway Greene)		N.M. Stat. Ann. § x-x-x (year)
West’s New Mexico Statutes Annotated		N.M. Stat. Ann. § x-x-x (West year)
Michie's Annotated Statutes of New Mexico (LexisNexis)		N.M. Stat. Ann. § x-x-x (LexisNexis year)
Session laws: Cite to N.M. Laws.
Laws of the State of New Mexico		year as volume N.M. Laws page no.
New Mexico Advance Legislative Service (Conway Greene)		year as volume N.M. Adv. Legis. Serv. page no.
West's New Mexico Legislative Service		year as volume N.M. Legis. Serv. page no. (West)
Administrative compilation
Code of New Mexico Rules (LexisNexis)		N.M. Code R. § x.x.x.x (LexisNexis year)
Administrative register
New Mexico Register		vol. no. N.M. Reg. page no. (month day, year)
New York
Court of Appeals (N.Y.) after 1847: Cite to N.E., N.E.2d, or N.E.3d.
North Eastern Reporter	1885–date	N.E., N.E.2d, N.E.3d
New York Reports (The first series of N.Y. is reprinted in N.Y.S. and N.Y.S.2d without separate pagination. Do not include a parallel cite to N.Y.S. or N.Y.S.2d in citations to the first series of N.Y.)	1847–date	N.Y., N.Y.2d
West’s New York Supplement	1956–date	N.Y.S.2d
Court for the Correction of Errors (N.Y.) and Supreme Court of Judicature (N.Y. Sup. Ct.) (highest state courts of law before 1847): Cite to one of the following reporters.
Lockwood’s Reversed Cases	1799–1847	Lock. Rev. Cas.
Denio’s Reports	1845–1848	Denio
Hill and Denio Supplement (Lalor)	1842–1844	Hill & Den.
Hill’s Reports	1841–1844	Hill
Edmond’s Select Cases	1834–1853	Edm. Sel. Cas.
Yates’ Select Cases	1809	Yates Sel. Cas.
Anthon’s Nisi Prius Cases	1807–1851	Ant. N.P. Cas.
Wendell’s Reports	1828–1841	Wend.
Cowen’s Reports	1823–1829	Cow.
Johnson’s Reports	1806–1823	Johns.
Caines’ Reports	1803–1805	Cai.
Caines’ Cases	1796–1805	Cai. Cas.
Coleman & Caines’ Cases	1794–1805	Cole. & Cai. Cas.
Johnson’s Cases	1799–1803	Johns. Cas.
Coleman’s Cases	1791–1800	Cole. Cas.
Court of Chancery (N.Y. Ch.) (highest state court of equity before 1848): Cite to one of the following reporters.
Edwards’ Chancery Reports	1831–1850	Edw. Ch.
Barbour’s Chancery Reports	1845–1848	Barb. Ch.
Sandford’s Chancery Reports	1843–1847	Sand. Ch.
Saratoga Chancery Sentinel	1841–1847	Sarat. Ch. Sent.
Paige’s Chancery Reports	1828–1845	Paige Ch.
Clarke’s Chancery Reports	1839–1841	Cl. Ch.
Hoffman’s Chancery Reports	1839–1840	Hoff. Ch.
Hopkins’ Chancery Reports	1823–1826	Hopk. Ch.
Lansing’s Chancery Reports	1824–1826	Lans. Ch.
Johnson’s Chancery Reports	1814–1823	Johns. Ch.
New York Chancery Reports Annotated	1814–1847	N.Y. Ch. Ann.
Supreme Court, Appellate Division (N.Y. App. Div.), previously Supreme Court, General Term (N.Y. Gen. Term): Cite to N.Y.S. or N.Y.S.2d.
West’s New York Supplement	1888–date	N.Y.S., N.Y.S.2d
Appellate Division Reports	1896–date	A.D., A.D.2d, A.D.3d
Supreme Court Reports	1874–1896	N.Y. Sup. Ct.
Lansing’s Reports	1869–1873	Lans.
Barbour’s Supreme Court Reports	1847–1877	Barb.
Other lower courts (e.g., N.Y. App. Term, N.Y. Sup. Ct., N.Y. Ct. Cl., N.Y. Civ. Ct., N.Y. Crim. Ct., N.Y. Fam. Ct.): Cite to N.Y.S. or N.Y.S.2d.
West’s New York Supplement	1888–date	N.Y.S., N.Y.S.2d
New York Miscellaneous Reports	1892–date	Misc., Misc. 2d
Other lower courts before 1888: Cite to one of the following reporters.
Abbott’s New Cases	1876–1894	Abb. N. Cas.
Abbott’s Practice Reports	1854–1875	Abb. Pr., Abb. Pr. (n.s.)
Howard’s Practice Reports	1844–1886	How. Pr., How. Pr. (n.s.)
Statutory compilations: Cite to one of the following sources.
McKinney’s Consolidated Laws of New York Annotated (West)		N.Y. [subject] Law § section no. (McKinney year)
New York Consolidated Laws Service (LexisNexis)		N.Y. [subject] Law § section no. (Consol. year)
New York Consolidated Laws Unannotated (LexisNexis)		N.Y. [subject] Law § section no. (LexisNexis year)
Abandoned Property		Aband. Prop.
Agricultural Conservation		Agric. Conserv.
Agriculture and Markets		Agric. & Mkts.
Alcoholic Beverage Control		Alco. Bev. Cont.
Alternative County Government		Alt. County Gov’t
Arts and Cultural Affairs		Arts & Cult. Aff.
Banking		Banking
Benevolent Orders		Ben. Ord.
Business Corporation		Bus. Corp.
Canal		Canal
Civil Practice Law and Rules		N.Y. C.P.L.R. rule no. (McKinney year) or: N.Y. C.P.L.R. rule no. (Consol. year)
Civil Rights		Civ. Rights
Civil Service		Civ. Serv.
Commerce		Com.
Cooperative Corporations		Coop. Corp.
Correction		Correct.
County		County
Criminal Procedure		Crim. Proc.
Debtor and Creditor		Debt. & Cred.
Domestic Relations		Dom. Rel.
Economic Development		Econ. Dev.
Education		Educ.
Elder		Elder
Election		Elec.
Eminent Domain Procedure		Em. Dom. Proc.
Employers’ Liability		Empl’rs Liab.
Energy		Energy
Environmental Conservation		Envtl. Conserv.
Estates, Powers and Trusts		Est. Powers & Trusts
Executive		Exec.
Financial Services		Fin. Serv.
General Associations		Gen. Ass’ns
General Business		Gen. Bus.
General City		Gen. City
General Construction		Gen. Constr.
General Municipal		Gen. Mun.
General Obligations		Gen. Oblig.
Highway		High.
Indian		Indian
Insurance		Ins.
Judiciary		Jud.
Judiciary Court Acts		Jud. Ct. Acts
Labor		Lab.
Legislative		Legis.
Lien		Lien
Limited Liability Company		Ltd. Liab. Co.
Local Finance		Local Fin.
Mental Hygiene		Mental Hyg.
Military		Mil.
Multiple Dwelling		Mult. Dwell.
Multiple Residence		Mult. Resid.
Municipal Home Rule and Statute of Local Governments		Mun. Home Rule
Navigation		Nav.
Not-for-Profit Corporation		Not-for-Profit Corp.
Optional County Government		Opt. Cty. Gov’t
Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation		Parks Rec. & Hist. Preserv.
Partnership		P’ship
Penal		Penal
Personal Property		Pers. Prop.
Private Housing Finance		Priv. Hous. Fin.
Public Authorities		Pub. Auth.
Public Buildings		Pub. Bldgs.
Public Health		Pub. Health
Public Housing		Pub. Hous.
Public Lands		Pub. Lands
Public Officers		Pub. Off.
Public Service		Pub. Serv.
Racing, Pari-Mutuel Wagering and Breeding		Rac. Pari-Mut. Wag. & Breed.
Railroad		R.R.
Rapid Transit		Rapid Trans.
Real Property		Real Prop.
Real Property Actions and Proceedings		Real Prop. Acts.
Real Property Tax		Real Prop. Tax
Religious Corporations		Relig. Corp.
Retirement and Social Security		Retire. & Soc. Sec.
Rural Electric Cooperative		Rural Elec. Coop.
Second Class Cities		Second Class Cities
Social Services		Soc. Serv.
Soil and Water Conservation Districts		Soil & Water Conserv. Dist.
State		State
State Administrative Procedure Act		A.P.A.
State Finance		State Fin.
State Printing and Public Documents		State Print. & Pub. Docs.
State Technology		State Tech.
Statutes		Stat.
Surrogate’s Court Procedure Act		Surr. Ct. Proc. Act
Tax		Tax
Town		Town
Transportation		Transp.
Transportation Corporations		Transp. Corp.
Unconsolidated		Unconsol.
Uniform Commercial Code		U.C.C.
Vehicle and Traffic		Veh. & Traf.
Village		Village
Volunteer Ambulance Workers’ Benefit		Vol. Ambul. Workers’ Ben.
Volunteer Firefighters’ Benefit		Vol. Fire. Ben.
Workers’ Compensation		Workers’ Comp.
Uncompiled laws: Cite to one of the following sources. For the user’s convenience, the McKinney’s volume in which the law appears is indicated parenthetically below.
McKinney’s Consolidated Laws		N.Y. law § section no. (McKinney year)
Consolidated Laws Service		N.Y. law § section no. (Consol. year)
LexisNexis New York Consolidated Laws Unannotated		N.Y. law § section no. (LexisNexis year)
New York City Civil Court Act (29A)		City Civ. Ct. Act
New York City Criminal Court Act (29A)		City Crim. Ct. Act
Code of Criminal Procedure (11A)		Code Crim. Proc.
Court of Claims Act (29A)		Ct. Cl. Act
Family Court Act (29A)		Fam. Ct. Act
Uniform City Court Act (29A)		Uniform City Ct. Act
Uniform District Court Act (29A)		Uniform Dist. Ct. Act
Uniform Justice Court Act (29A)		Uniform Just. Ct. Act
Session laws: Cite to official N.Y. Laws, if found there; else, cite to N.Y. Sess. Laws.
Laws of New York		year as volume N.Y. Laws page no.
McKinney's Session Laws of New York (West) (McKinney)		year as volume N.Y. Sess. Laws page no.
New York Consolidated Laws Service		year as volume-pamph. no. N.Y. Consol. Laws Adv.
Advance Legislative Service (LexisNexis)		Legis. Serv. page no. (LexisNexis)
Administrative compilation
Official Compilation of Codes, Rules & Regulations of the State of New York (West)		N.Y. Comp. Codes R. & Regs. tit. title locator, § section locator (year)
Administrative register
New York State Register		vol. no. N.Y. Reg. page no. (month day, year)
North Carolina
Supreme Court (N.C.): Cite to S.E. or S.E.2d.
South Eastern Reporter	1887–date	S.E., S.E.2d
North Carolina Reports
63 N.C. to date	1868–date	N.C.
Phillips’ Equity	1866–1868	62 N.C. (Phil. Eq.)
Phillips’ Law	1866–1868	61 N.C. (Phil.)
Winston	1863–1864	60 N.C. (Win.)
Jones’ Equity (54–59)	1853–1863	e.g., 54 N.C. (1 Jones Eq.)
Jones’ Law (46–53)	1853–1862	e.g., 46 N.C. (1 Jones)
Busbee’s Equity	1852–1853	45 N.C. (Busb. Eq.)
Busbee’s Law	1852–1853	44 N.C. (Busb.)
Iredell’s Equity (36–43)	1840–1852	e.g., 36 N.C. (1 Ired. Eq.)
Iredell’s Law (23–35)	1840–1852	e.g., 23 N.C. (1 Ired.)
Devereux & Battle’s Equity (21–22)	1834–1839	e.g., 21 N.C. (1 Dev. & Bat. Eq.)
Devereux & Battle’s Law (18–20)	1834–1839	e.g., 20 N.C. (3 & 4 Dev. & Bat.)
Devereux’s Equity (16–17)	1826–1834	e.g., 16 N.C. (1 Dev. Eq.)
Devereux’s Law (12–15)	1826–1834	e.g., 12 N.C. (1 Dev.)
Hawks (8–11)	1820–1826	e.g., 8 N.C. (1 Hawks)
Murphey (5–7)	1804–1813 1818–1819	e.g., 5 N.C. (1 Mur.)
Taylor’s North Carolina Term Reports	1816–1818	4 N.C. (Taylor)
Carolina Law Repository	1813–1816	4 N.C. (Car. L. Rep.)
Haywood (2–3)	1789–1806	e.g., 2 N.C. (1 Hayw.)
Conference by Cameron & Norwood	1800–1804	1 N.C. (Cam. & Nor.)
Taylor	1798–1802	1 N.C. (Tay.)
Martin	1778–1797	1 N.C. (Mart.)
Court of Appeals (N.C. Ct. App.): Cite to S.E.2d.
South Eastern Reporter	1968–date	S.E.2d
North Carolina Court of Appeals Reports	1968–date	N.C. App.
Statutory compilations: Cite to N.C. Gen. Stat. (published by LexisNexis).
General Statutes of North Carolina (LexisNexis)		N.C. Gen. Stat. § x-x (year)
West’s North Carolina General Statutes Annotated		N.C. Gen. Stat. Ann. § x-x (West year)
Session laws: Cite to N.C. Sess. Laws.
Session Laws of North Carolina		year as volume N.C. Sess. Laws page no.
North Carolina year Advance Legislative Service (LexisNexis)		year as volume-pamph. no. N.C. Adv. Legis. Serv. page no. (LexisNexis)
North Carolina Legislative Service (West)		year as volume N.C. Legis. Serv. page no. (West)
Administrative compilation
North Carolina Administrative Code (West)		tit. no. N.C. Admin. Code rule no. (year)
Administrative register
North Carolina Register (LexisNexis)		vol. no. N.C. Reg. page no. (month day, year)
North Dakota
Public Domain Citation Format: North Dakota has adopted a public domain citation format for cases after December 31, 1996. See North Dakota Rules of Court, Rule 11.6. The format is: Smith v. Jones, 1997 ND 15 Smith v. Jones, 1997 ND 15, 600 N.W.2d 900 Smith v. Jones, 1997 ND 15, ¶ 21 Smith v. Jones, 1997 ND 15, ¶ 21, 600 N.W.2d 900
Supreme Court (N.D.): Cite to N.W. or N.W.2d.
North Western Reporter	1890–date	N.W., N.W.2d
North Dakota Reports	1890–1953	N.D.
Supreme Court of Dakota (Dakota): Cite to N.W..
North Western Reporter	1879–1889	N.W.
Dakota Reports	1867–1889	Dakota
Court of Appeals of North Dakota (N.D. Ct. App.): Cite to N.W.2d.
North Western Reporter	1987–date	N.W.2d
Statutory compilations: Cite to N.D. Cent. Code.
North Dakota Century Code (LexisNexis)		N.D. Cent. Code § x-x-x (year)
West’s North Dakota Century Code Annotated		N.D. Cent. Code Ann. § x-x-x (West year)
Session laws: Cite to N.D. Laws.
Laws of North Dakota		year as volume N.D. Laws page no.
North Dakota Century Code year Advance Legislative Service (LexisNexis)		year as volume-pamph. no. N.D. Cent. Code Adv. Legis. Serv. page no. (LexisNexis)
West’s North Dakota Legislative Service		year as volume N.D. Legis. Serv. page no. (West)
Administrative compilation
North Dakota Administrative Code		N.D. Admin. Code rule no. (year)
Ohio
Public Domain Citation Format: Ohio has adopted a public domain citation format for cases decided after April 30, 2002. See Supreme Court of Ohio Writing Manual (2d ed. 2013). The format is: Bonacorsi v. Wheeling & Lake Erie Ry. Co., 95 Ohio St.3d 314, 2002-Ohio-2220, 767 N.E.2d 707, ¶ 15 Bowling Green v. Godwin, 110 Ohio St.3d 58, 2006-Ohio-3563, 850 N.E.2d 698, ¶ 13, fn. 1 Byer v. Wright, 160 Ohio App.3d 472, 2005-Ohio-1797, 827 N.E.2d 835 (11th Dist.)
Supreme Court (Ohio): Cite to N.E., N.E.2d, or N.E.3d.
North Eastern Reporter	1885–date	N.E., N.E.2d, N.E.3d
Ohio State Reports	1852–date	Ohio St., Ohio St. 2d, Ohio St. 3d
Ohio Reports	1821–1851	Ohio
Wilcox’s Condensed Reports	1821–1831	Wilc. Cond. Rep.
Wright	1831–1834	Wright
Ohio Unreported Cases	1809–1899	Ohio Unrep. Cas.
Court of Appeals (Ohio Ct. App.): Cite to N.E., N.E.2d, or N.E.3d.
North Eastern Reporter	1926–date	N.E., N.E.2d, N.E.3d
Ohio Appellate Reports	1913–date	Ohio App., Ohio App. 2d, Ohio App. 3d
Ohio Circuit Court Reports	1914–1917	Ohio C.C.
Ohio Courts of Appeals Reports	1916–1922	Ohio Ct. App.
Other law courts: Cite to N.E., N.E.2d, or N.E.3d, if found there; else, cite to another reporter in the following order of preference.
North Eastern Reporter	1926–date	N.E., N.E.2d, N.E.3d
Ohio Miscellaneous Reports	1962–2012	Ohio Misc., Ohio Misc. 2d
Ohio Bar Reports	1982–1987	Ohio B.
Ohio Opinions	1934–1982	Ohio Op., Ohio Op. 2d, Ohio Op. 3d
Ohio Law Abstract	1922–1964	Ohio Law Abs.
Ohio Nisi Prius Reports	1903–1934	Ohio N.P., Ohio N.P. (n.s.)
Ohio Decisions	1894–1921	Ohio Dec.
Ohio Decisions, Reprint	1840–1893	Ohio Dec. Reprint
Ohio Circuit Decisions	1885–1923	Ohio Cir. Dec.
Ohio Circuit Court Decisions	1901–1923	e.g., 13-23 Ohio C.C. Dec.
Ohio Circuit Court Reports	1885–1901	Ohio C.C.
Ohio Law Bulletin	1876–1921	Ohio L. Bull.
Ohio Circuit Court Reports, New Series	1903–1917	Ohio C.C. (n.s.)
Ohio Law Reporter	1903–1934	Ohio L.R.
Tappen’s Reports	1816–1819	Tapp. Rep.
Anderson’s Unreported Ohio Appellate Cases	1990	Ohio App. Unrep.
Statutory compilations: Cite to one of the following codes.
Page’s Ohio Revised Code Annotated (LexisNexis)		Ohio Rev. Code Ann. § x.x (LexisNexis year)
Baldwin’s Ohio Revised Code Annotated (West)		Ohio Rev. Code Ann. § x.x (West year)
Session laws: Cite to Ohio Laws.
State of Ohio: Legislative Acts Passed and Joint Resolutions Adopted year Ohio Laws page no.
Page’s Ohio Legislative Bulletin (LexisNexis)		year as volume Ohio Legis. Bull. page no. (LexisNexis)
Baldwin’s Ohio Legislative Service Annotated (West)		year as volume Ohio Legis. Serv. Ann. page no. (West)
Administrative compilation
Baldwin's Ohio Administrative Code (West)		Ohio Admin. Code rule no. (year)
Administrative and executive registers: Cite to one of the following registers.
Baldwin's Ohio Monthly Record	1977–date	Ohio Monthly Rec. page no. (month year)
Ohio Government Reports	1965–1976	Ohio Gov’t page no. (month day, year)
Ohio Department Reports	1914–1964	Ohio Dep’t page no. (month day, year)
Oklahoma
Public domain citation format: Oklahoma has adopted a public domain citation format for cases after May 1, 1997. See Oklahoma Supreme Court Rule 1.200(f) and Oklahoma Criminal Appeals Rule 3.5(c). The format is: Skinner v. Braum’s Ice Cream Store, 1995 OK 11, 890 P.2d 922 Skinner v. Braum’s Ice Cream Store, 1995 OK 11, ¶ 9, 890 P.2d 922 Hunter v. State, 1953 OK CR 155, 97 Okl.Cr. 402, 264 P.2d 997 Robinson v. State, 1997 OK CR 24, ¶ 3, 68 OBJ 1379, 1381
Supreme Court (Okla.): Cite to P., P.2d, or P.3d.
Pacific Reporter	1890–date	P., P.2d, P.3d
Oklahoma Reports	1890–1953	Okla.
Court of Appeals of Indian Territory (Indian Terr.): Cite to S.W..
South Western Reporter	1896–1907	S.W.
Indian Territory Reports	1896–1907	Indian Terr.
Court of Criminal Appeals (Okla. Crim. App.), before 1959 Criminal Court of Appeals (Okla. Crim. App.): Cite to P., P.2d, or P.3d.
Pacific Reporter	1908–date	P., P.2d, P.3d
Oklahoma Criminal Reports	1908–1953	Okla. Crim.
Court of Civil Appeals (Okla. Civ. App.): Cite to P.2d or P.3d.
Pacific Reporter	1971–date	P.2d, P.3d
Statutory compilations: Cite to Okla. Stat..
Oklahoma Statutes (West)		Okla. Stat. tit. title locator, § section locator (year)
Oklahoma Statutes Annotated (West)		Okla. Stat. Ann. tit. title locator, § section locator (West year)
Session laws: Cite to Okla. Sess. Laws.
Oklahoma Session Laws (West)		year as volume Okla. Sess. Laws page no.
Oklahoma Session Law Service (West)		year as volume Okla. Sess. Law Serv. page no. (West)
Administrative compilation
Oklahoma Administrative Code		Okla. Admin. Code § x:x-x-x (year)
Administrative registers: Cite to one of the following sources.
Oklahoma Register 1983–date		vol. no. Okla. Reg. page no. (month day, year)
Oklahoma Gazette 1962–1983		vol. no. Okla. Gaz. page no. (month day, year)
Oregon
Supreme Court (Or.): Cite to P., P.2d, or P.3d.
Pacific Reporter	1883–date	P., P.2d, P.3d
Oregon Reports	1853–date	Or.
Court of Appeals (Or. Ct. App.): Cite to P.2d or P.3d.
Pacific Reporter	1969–date	P.2d, P.3d
Oregon Reports, Court of Appeals	1969–date	Or. App.
Tax Court (Or. T.C.): Cite to Or. Tax.
Oregon Tax Reports	1962–date	Or. Tax
Statutory compilations: Cite to Or. Rev. Stat..
Oregon Revised Statutes		Or. Rev. Stat. § x.x (year)
West’s Oregon Revised Statutes Annotated		Or. Rev. Stat. Ann. § x.x (West year)
Session laws: Cite to Or. Laws. When citing statutes repealed during or after 1953, indicate parenthetically the former Or. Rev. Stat. sections.
Oregon Laws and Resolutions		year as volume Or. Laws page no.
		year as volume Or. Laws Spec. Sess. page no.
		year as volume Or. Laws Adv. Sh. No. sheet no., page no.
West’s Oregon Legislative Service		year as volume Or. Legis. Serv. page no. (West)
Administrative compilation
Oregon Administrative Rules		Or. Admin. R. rule no. (year)
Administrative register
Oregon Bulletin		vol. no. Or. Bull. page no. (month day, year)
Pennsylvania
Supreme Court (Pa.): Cite to A., A.2d, or A.3d.
Atlantic Reporter	1885–date	A., A.2d, A.3d
Pennsylvania State Reports	1845–date	Pa.
Monaghan	1888–1890	Monag.
Sadler	1885–1889	Sadler
Walker	1855–1885	Walk.
Pennypacker	1881–1884	Pennyp.
Grant	1814–1863	Grant
Watts and Sergeant	1841–1845	Watts & Serg.
Wharton	1835–1841	Whart.
Watts	1832–1840	Watts
Rawle	1828–1835	Rawle
Penrose and Watts	1829–1832	Pen. & W.
Sergeant and Rawle	1814–1828	Serg. & Rawle
Binney	1799–1814	Binn.
Yeates	1791–1808	Yeates
Addison	1791–1799	Add.
Dallas	1754–1806	Dall.
Alden	1754–1814	Ald.
Superior Court (Pa. Super. Ct.): Cite to A., A.2d, or A.3d. For cases decided after December 31, 1998, use the following public domain citation format: Jones v. Smith, 1999 PA Super 1
Atlantic Reporter	1931–date	A., A.2d, A.3d
Pennsylvania Superior Court Reports	1895–1997	Pa. Super.
Commonwealth Court (Pa. Commw. Ct.): Cite to A.2d or A.3d.
Atlantic Reporter	1970–date	A.2d, A.3d
Pennsylvania Commonwealth Court Reports	1970–1994	Pa. Commw.
Other lower courts: Cite to Pa. D. & C., Pa. D. & C.2d, Pa. D. & C.3d, Pa. D. & C.4th, or Pa. D. & C.5th. Not all lower court decisions are reproduced in the reporters listed below, and it may be necessary, on occasion, to cite to the legal reporter for an individual county, if available. For a comprehensive list of Pennsylvania county court reports, consult chapter seven, appendix four, Frank Y. Liu et al., Pennsylvania Legal Research Handbook (2008).
Pennsylvania District and County Reports	1918–date	Pa. D. & C., Pa. D. & C.2d, Pa. D. & C.3d, Pa. D. & C.4th, Pa. D. & C.5th
Pennsylvania District Reports	1892–1921	Pa. D.
Pennsylvania County Court Reports	1870–1921	Pa. C.
Statutory compilations: Cite to Pa. Cons. Stat. (79 titles). These publications should not be confused with Pa. Code, which is a code of regulations, not of legislation.
Pennsylvania Consolidated Statutes		tit. no. Pa. Cons. Stat. § x (year)
Purdon’s Pennsylvania Statutes and Consolidated Statutes Annotated (West)		tit. no. Pa. Stat. and Cons. Stat. Ann. § section no. (West year)
Session laws: Cite to Pa. Laws.
Laws of Pennsylvania		year as volume Pa. Laws page no.
Purdon’s Pennsylvania Legislative Service (West)		year as volume Pa. Legis. Serv. page no. (West)
Administrative compilation
Pennsylvania Code (Fry Communications)		tit. no. Pa. Code § x.x (year)
Administrative register
Pennsylvania Bulletin (Fry Communications)		vol. no. Pa. Bull. page no. (month day, year)
Rhode Island
Supreme Court (R.I.): Cite to A., A.2d or A.3d.
Atlantic Reporter	1885–date	A., A.2d, A.3d
Rhode Island Reports	1828–1980	R.I.
Statutory compilations: Cite to R.I. Gen. Laws.
General Laws of Rhode Island (LexisNexis)		tit. no. R.I. Gen. Laws § x-x-x (year)
West’s General Laws of Rhode Island Annotated		tit. no. R.I. Gen. Laws Ann. § x-x-x (West year)
Session laws: Cite to R.I. Pub. Laws.
Public Laws of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations		year as volume R.I. Pub. Laws page no.
Acts and Resolves of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations		year as volume R.I. Acts & Resolves page no.
Rhode Island Advance Legislative Service (LexisNexis)		year as volume-pamph. no. R.I. Adv. Legis. Serv. page no. (LexisNexis)
West’s Rhode Island Advance Legislative Service		year as volume R.I. Adv. Legis. Serv. page no. (West)
Administrative compilation
Code of Rhode Island Rules (LexisNexis)		tit. no.-ch. no. R.I. Code R. § x (LexisNexis year)
Administrative register
Rhode Island Government Register (LexisNexis)		iss. no. R.I. Gov’t Reg. page no. (LexisNexis month year)
South Carolina
Supreme Court after 1868 (S.C.): Cite to S.E. or S.E.2d.
South Eastern Reporter	1887–date	S.E., S.E.2d
South Carolina Reports	1868–date	S.C.
Court of Appeals (S.C. Ct. App.): Cite to S.E.2d.
South Eastern Reporter	1983–date	S.E.2d
South Carolina Reports	1983–date	S.C.
Courts of law before 1868: Cite to South Carolina Law Reports (S.C.L.)
Richardson (37–49)	1850–1868	e.g., 37 S.C.L. (3 Rich.)
Strobhart (32–36)	1846–1850	e.g., 32 S.C.L. (1 Strob.)
Richardson (30–31)	1844–1846	e.g., 30 S.C.L. (1 Rich.)
Speers (28–29)	1842–1844	e.g., 28 S.C.L. (1 Speers)
McMullan (26–27)	1840–1842	e.g., 26 S.C.L. (1 McMul.)
Cheves	1839–1840	25 S.C.L. (Chev.)
Rice	1838–1839	24 S.C.L. (Rice)
Dudley	1837–1838	23 S.C.L. (Dud.)
Riley	1836–1837	22 S.C.L. (Ril.)
Hill (19–21)	1833–1837	e.g., 19 S.C.L. (1 Hill)
Bailey (17–18)	1828–1832	e.g., 17 S.C.L. (1 Bail.)
Harper	1823–1824	16 S.C.L. (Harp.)
McCord (12–15)	1821–1828	e.g., 12 S.C.L. (1 McCord)
Nott and McCord (10–11)	1817–1820	e.g., 10 S.C.L. (1 Nott & McC.)
Mill (Constitutional) (8–9)	1817–1818	e.g., 8 S.C.L. (1 Mill)
Treadway (6–7)	1812–1816	e.g., 6 S.C.L. (1 Tread.)
Brevard (3–5)	1793–1816	e.g., 3 S.C.L. (1 Brev.)
Bay (1–2)	1783–1804	e.g., 1 S.C.L. (1 Bay)
Courts of equity before 1868: Cite to South Carolina Equity Reports (S.C. Eq.)
Richardson’s Equity (24–35)	1850–1868	e.g., 24 S.C. Eq. (3 Rich. Eq.)
Strobhart’s Equity (20–23)	1846–1850	e.g., 20 S.C. Eq. (1 Strob. Eq.)
Richardson’s Equity (18–19)	1844–1846	e.g., 18 S.C. Eq. (1 Rich. Eq.)
Speers’ Equity	1842–1844	17 S.C. Eq. (Speers Eq.)
McMullan’s Equity	1840–1842	16 S.C. Eq. (McMul. Eq.)
Cheves’ Equity	1839–1840	15 S.C. Eq. (Chev. Eq.)
Rice’s Equity	1838–1839	14 S.C. Eq. (Rice Eq.)
Dudley’s Equity	1837–1838	13 S.C. Eq. (Dud. Eq.)
Riley’s Chancery	1836–1837	12 S.C. Eq. (Ril. Eq.)
Hill’s Chancery (10–11)	1833–1837	e.g., 10 S.C. Eq. (1 Hill Eq.)
Richardson’s Cases	1831–1832	9 S.C. Eq. (Rich. Cas.)
Bailey’s Equity	1830–1831	8 S.C. Eq. (Bail. Eq.)
McCord’s Chancery (6–7)	1825–1827	e.g., 6 S.C. Eq. (1 McCord Eq.)
Harper’s Equity	1824	5 S.C. Eq. (Harp. Eq.)
Desaussure’s Equity (1–4)	1784–1817	e.g., 1 S.C. Eq. (1 Des. Eq.)
Statutory compilation
Code of Laws of South Carolina 1976 Annotated		S.C. Code Ann. § x-x-x (year)
Session laws
Acts and Joint Resolutions, South Carolina		year as volume S.C. Acts page no.
Administrative compilation: Administrative regulations appear in volumes 1–10 of S.C. Code Ann. This publication should not be confused with the statutory compilation of the same name, which also contains volumes 1–10.
Code of Laws of South Carolina 1976 Annotated:Code of Regulations (West)		S.C. Code Ann. Regs. reg. no. (year)
Administrative register
South Carolina State Register		vol. no. S.C. Reg. page no. (month day, year)
South Dakota
Public domain citation format: South Dakota has adopted a public domain citation format for cases after December 31, 1996. See South Dakota Rules of Civil Procedure § 15-26A-69.1 and Supreme Court Rule 10-05. The format is: zzz Smith v. Jones, 1996 S.D. 15, 600 N.W.2d 900 Smith v. Jones, 1996 S.D. 15, ¶ 21, 600 N.W.2d 900, 901
Supreme Court (S.D.): Cite to N.W. or N.W.2d.
North Western Reporter	1890–date	N.W., N.W.2d
South Dakota Reports	1890–1976	S.D.
Supreme Court of Dakota (Dakota): Cite to N.W..
North Western Reporter	1879–1889	N.W.
Dakota Reports	1867–1889	Dakota
Statutory compilation
South Dakota Codified Laws (West)		S.D. Codified Laws § x-x-x (year)
Session laws: Cite to S.D. Sess. Laws.
Session Laws of South Dakota		year as volume S.D. Sess. Laws ch. section-or-page no.
Administrative compilation
Administrative Rules of South Dakota		S.D. Admin. R. rule no. (year)
Administrative register
South Dakota Register		vol. no. S.D. Reg. page no. (month day, year)
Tennessee
Supreme Court (Tenn.): Cite to S.W., S.W.2d, or S.W.3d.
South Western Reporter	1886–date	S.W., S.W.2d, S.W.3d
Tennessee Reports
60 Tenn. to 225 Tenn.	1872–1972	Tenn.
Heiskell	1870–1874	e.g., 48 Tenn. (1 Heisk.)
Coldwell	1860–1870	e.g., 41 Tenn. (1 Cold.)
Head	1858–1860	e.g., 38 Tenn. (1 Head)
Sneed	1853–1858	e.g., 33 Tenn. (1 Sneed)
Swan	1851–1853	e.g., 31 Tenn. (1 Swan)
Humphreys	1839–1851	e.g., 20 Tenn. (1 Hum.)
Meigs	1838–1839	19 Tenn. (Meigs)
Yerger	1818–1837	e.g., 9 Tenn. (1 Yer.)
Martin & Yerger	1825–1828	8 Tenn. (Mart. & Yer.)
Peck	1821–1824	7 Tenn. (Peck)
Haywood	1816–1818	e.g., 4 Tenn. (1 Hayw.)
Cooke	1811–1814	3 Tenn. (Cooke)
Overton	1791–1815	e.g., 1 Tenn. (1 Overt.)
Court of Appeals (Tenn. Ct. App.): Cite to S.W.2d or S.W.3d.
South Western Reporter	1932–date	S.W.2d, S.W.3d
Tennessee Appeals Reports	1925–1971	Tenn. App.
Court of Criminal Appeals (Tenn. Crim. App.): Cite to S.W.2d or S.W.3d.
South Western Reporter	1967–date	S.W.2d, S.W.3d
Tennessee Criminal Appeals Reports	1967–1971	Tenn. Crim. App.
Statutory compilations: Cite to Tenn. Code Ann. (published by LexisNexis).
Tennessee Code Annotated (LexisNexis)		Tenn. Code Ann. § x-x-x (year)
West's Tennessee Code Annotated		Tenn. Code Ann. § x-x-x (West year)
Session laws: Cite to Tenn. Pub. Acts or Tenn. Priv. Acts.
Public Acts of the State of Tennessee		year as volume Tenn. Pub. Acts page no.
Private Acts of the State of Tennessee		year as volume Tenn. Priv. Acts page no.
Tennessee Code Annotated Advance Legislative Service (LexisNexis)		year as volume-pamph. no. Tenn. Code Ann. Adv. Legis. Serv. page no. (LexisNexis)
West’s Tennessee Legislative Service		year as volume Tenn. Legis. Serv. page no. (West)
Administrative compilation
Official Compilation Rules & Regulations of the State of Tennessee		Tenn. Comp. R. & Regs. rule no. (year)
Administrative register
Tennessee Administrative Register		vol. no. Tenn. Admin. Reg. page no. (month year)
Texas
Supreme Court (Tex.): Cite to S.W., S.W.2d, or S.W.3d.
South Western Reporter	1886–date	S.W., S.W.2d, S.W.3d
Texas Reports	1846–1962	Tex.
Synopses of the Decisions of the Supreme Court of Texas Arising from Restraints by Conscript and Other Military Authorities (Robards)	1862–1865	Robards (no vol. number)
Texas Law Review (containing previously unpublished cases from the 1845 term)	1845–1846	65 Tex. L. Rev.
Digest of the Laws of Texas (Dallam’s Opinions)	1840–1844	Dallam (no vol. number)
Texas Supreme Court Journal	1957–date	Tex. Sup. Ct. J.
Court of Criminal Appeals (Tex. Crim. App.), previously Court of Appeals (Tex. Ct. App.): Cite to S.W., S.W.2d, or S.W.3d.
South Western Reporter	1892–date	S.W., S.W.2d, S.W.3d
Texas Criminal Reports	1892–1962	Tex. Crim.
Texas Court of Appeals Reports	1876–1892	Tex. Ct. App.
Condensed Reports of Decisions in Civil Causes in the Court of Appeals (White & Willson vol. 1) (Willson vols. 2–4)	1876–1883 1883–1892	White & W. Willson
Commission of Appeals (Tex. Comm’n App.): Cite to S.W. or S.W.2d.
South Western Reporter	1886–1892	S.W.
	1918–1945	S.W.2d
Texas Reports	1879–1892 1918–1945	Tex.
Texas Unreported Cases (Posey)	1879–1884	Posey
Condensed Reports of Decisions in Civil Causes in the Court of Appeals (White & Willson)	1879–1883	White & W.
Officially published opinions of the Commission of Appeals from 1879 to 1892 were adopted by the Supreme Court and should be cited as opinions of the Supreme Court. Opinions of the Commission of Appeals from 1918 to 1945 have a notation from the Supreme Court that usually appears in the final paragraph of the opinion, e.g., “opinion adopted,” “holding approved,” or “judgment adopted.” Commission opinions that were adopted by the Supreme Court should be cited as opinions of the Supreme Court. “Holding approved” and “judgment adopted” opinions are cited by using “holding approved” or “judgm’t adopted.”
Courts of Appeals (Tex. App.), previously Courts of Civil Appeals (Tex. Civ. App.): Cite to S.W., S.W.2d, or S.W.3d.
South Western Reporter	1892–date	S.W., S.W.2d, S.W.3d
Texas Civil Appeals Reports	1892–1911	Tex. Civ. App.
For additional information on the history and structure of Texas courts and on local citation rules, the following sources are suggested: Texas Law Review Ass’n, The Greenbook: Texas Rules of Form (12th ed. 2010); Lydia M.V. Brandt, Texas Legal Research (1995); and A Reference Guide to Texas Law and Legal History (Karl T. Gruben & James E. Hambleton eds., 2d ed. 1987).
Statutory compilations: Texas is nearing the completion of a recodification of its laws. Cite to the new subject-matter Tex. Code Ann., if found there; else, cite to Tex. Rev. Civ. Stat. Ann. or to one of the independent codes contained in the series Vernon’s Texas Civil Statutes or Vernon’s Texas Statutes Annotated. Note that the independent codes are not part of the new subject-matter Tex. Code Ann.
Vernon’s Texas Codes Annotated (West)		Tex. [subject] Code Ann. § section no. (West year)
Vernon’s Texas Revised Civil Statutes Annotated (West)		Tex. Rev. Civ. Stat. Ann. art. article no., § section no. (West year)
Vernon’s Texas Business Corporation Act Annotated (West)		Tex. Bus. Corp. Act Ann. art. article no. (West year)
Vernon’s Texas Code of Criminal Procedure Annotated (West)		Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Ann. art. article no. (West year)
Vernon’s Texas Insurance Code Annotated (West)		Tex. Ins. Code Ann. art. article no. (West year)
Vernon’s Texas Probate Code Annotated (West)		Tex. Prob. Code Ann. § x (West year)
Agriculture		Agric.
Alcoholic Beverage		Alco. Bev.
Business and Commerce		Bus. & Com.
Business Organizations (effective Jan. 1, 2006)		Bus. Orgs.
Civil Practice and Remedies		Civ. Prac. & Rem.
Education		Educ.
Election		Elec.
Estates		Est.
Family		Fam.
Finance		Fin.
Government		Gov’t
Health and Safety		Health & Safety
Human Resources		Hum. Res.
Insurance		Ins.
Labor		Lab.
Local Government		Loc. Gov’t
Natural Resources		Nat. Res.
Occupations		Occ.
Parks and Wildlife		Parks & Wild.
Penal		Penal
Property		Prop.
Special District Local Laws		Spec. Dists.
Tax		Tax
Transportation		Transp.
Utilities		Util.
Water		Water
Session laws: Cite to Tex. Gen. Laws.
General and Special Laws of the State of Texas		year as volume Tex. Gen. Laws page no.
Vernon’s Texas Session Law Service (West)		year as volume Tex. Sess. Law Serv. page no. (West)
Laws of the Republic of Texas		year as volume Repub. Tex. Laws page no.
Session laws passed before 1941 must be cited according to the exact title, e.g., Tex. Loc. & Spec. Laws, Tex. Gen. & Spec. Laws, and Tex. Gen. Laws. The Revised Statutes were enacted and published separately in 1879, 1895, 1911, and 1925 and should be cited as year Tex. Rev. Civ. Stat. xxx. The Code of Criminal Procedure and Penal Code were enacted and published separately in 1856, 1879, 1895, 1911, and 1925 and should be cited as year Tex. Crim. Stat. xxx.
Administrative compilation
Texas Administrative Code (West)		tit. no. Tex. Admin. Code § x.x (year)
Administrative register
Texas Register (LexisNexis)		vol. no. Tex. Reg. page no. (month day, year)
Utah
Public domain citation format: Utah has adopted a public domain citation format for cases after December 31, 1998. See Utah Supreme Court Standing Order No. 4 (effective Jan. 18, 2000). The format is: Smith v. Jones, 1999 UT 16. (Before publication in Utah Advanced Reports) Smith v. Jones, 1999 UT App 16. Smith v. Jones, 1999 UT 16, 380 Utah Adv. Rep. 24. (Before publication in Pacific Reporter but after publication in Utah Advance Reports) Smith v. Jones, 1999 UT App 16, 380 Utah Adv. Rep. 24. Smith v. Jones, 1999 UT 16, 998 P.2d 250. (After publication in Pacific Reporter) Smith v. Jones, 1999 UT App 16, 998 P.2d 250.
Supreme Court (Utah): Cite to P., P.2d, or P.3d.
Pacific Reporter	1881–date	P., P.2d, P.3d
Utah Reports	1873–1974	Utah, Utah 2d
Court of Appeals (Utah Ct. App.): Cite to P.2d or P.3d.
Pacific Reporter	1987–date	P.2d, P.3d
Statutory compilations: Cite to one of the following codes.
Utah Code Annotated (LexisNexis)		Utah Code Ann. § x-x-x (LexisNexis year)
West’s Utah Code Annotated		Utah Code Ann. § x-x-x (West year)
Session laws: Cite to Utah Laws.
Laws of Utah		year as volume Utah Laws page no.
Utah Code year Advance Legislative Service (LexisNexis)		year as volume-pamph. no. Utah Adv. Legis. Serv. page no. (LexisNexis)
Utah Legislative Service (West)		year as volume Utah. Legis. Serv. page no. (West)
Administrative compilation
Utah Administrative Code		Utah Admin. Code r. x-x-x (year)
Administrative register
Utah State Bulletin		iss. no. Utah Bull. page no. (month day, year)
Vermont
Public domain citation format: Vermont has adopted a public domain citation format for cases after December 31, 2002. See Vt. R. App. P. 28.2. The format is: Smith v. Jones, 2001 VT 1, ¶ 12, 169 Vt. 203, 850 A.2d 421
Supreme Court (Vt.): Cite to A., A.2d or A.3d.
Atlantic Reporter	1885–date	A., A.2d, A.3d
Vermont Reports	1826–date	Vt.
Aikens	1825–1828	Aik.
Chipman, D.	1789–1824	D. Chip.
Brayton	1815–1819	Brayt.
Tyler	1800–1803	Tyl.
Chipman, N.	1789–1791	N. Chip.
Statutory compilations: Cite to Vt. Stat. Ann. (published by LexisNexis), if found there
Vermont Statutes Annotated (LexisNexis)		Vt. Stat. Ann. tit. title locator, § section locator (year)
West’s Vermont Statutes Annotated		Vt. Stat. Ann. tit. title locator, § section locator (West year)
Session laws: Cite to Vt. Acts & Resolves.
Acts and Resolves of Vermont		year as volume Vt. Acts & Resolves page no.
Vermont year Advance Legislative Service(LexisNexis)		year as volume-pamph. no. Vt. Adv. Legis. Serv. page no. (LexisNexis)
West’s Vermont Legislative Service		year as volume Vt. Legis. Serv. page no. (West)
Administrative compilation
Code of Vermont Rules (LexisNexis)		tit. no.-ch. no. Vt. Code R. § x (year)
Administrative register
Vermont Government Register (LexisNexis)		iss. no. Vt. Gov’t Reg. page no. (LexisNexis month year)
Virginia
Supreme Court (Va.), previously Supreme Court of Appeals (Va.): Cite to S.E. or S.E.2d.
South Eastern Reporter	1887–date	S.E., S.E.2d
Virginia Reports
75 Va. to date	1880–date	Va.
Grattan	1844–1880	e.g., 42 Va. (1 Gratt.)
Robinson	1842–1844	e.g., 40 Va. (1 Rob.)
Leigh	1829–1842	e.g., 28 Va. (1 Leigh)
Randolph	1821–1828	e.g., 22 Va. (1 Rand.)
Gilmer	1820–1821	21 Va. (Gilmer)
Munford	1810–1820	e.g., 15 Va. (1 Munf.)
Hening & Munford	1806–1810	e.g., 11 Va. (1 Hen. & M.)
Call	1779–1825	e.g., 5 Va. (1 Call)
Virginia Cases, Criminal	1789–1826	e.g., 3 Va. (1 Va. Cas.)
Washington	1790–1796	e.g., 1 Va. (1 Wash.)
Court of Appeals (Va. Ct. App.): Cite to S.E.2d.
South Eastern Reporter	1985–date	S.E.2d
Virginia Court of Appeals Reports	1985–date	Va. App.
Circuit Court (Va. Cir. Ct.): Cite to Va. Cir.
Virginia Circuit Court Opinions	1957–date	Va. Cir.
Statutory compilations: Cite to Va. Code Ann. (published by LexisNexis).
Code of Virginia 1950 Annotated (LexisNexis)		Va. Code Ann. § x-x (year)
West’s Annotated Code of Virginia		Va. Code Ann. § x-x (West year)
Session laws: Cite to Va. Acts.
Acts of the General Assembly of the Commonwealth of Virginia		year as volume Va. Acts page no.
Virginia year Advance Legislative Service (LexisNexis)		year as volume-pamph. no. Va. Adv. Legis. Serv. page no. (LexisNexis)
West’s Virginia Legislative Service		year as volume Va. Legis. Serv. page no. (West)
Administrative compilation
Virginia Administrative Code (West)		tit. no. Va. Admin. Code § x-x-x (year)
Administrative register
Virginia Register of Regulations (LexisNexis)		vol. no. Va. Reg. Regs. page no. (month day, year)
Washington
Supreme Court (Wash.): Cite to P., P.2d, or P.3d.
Pacific Reporter	1880–date	P., P.2d, P.3d
Washington Reports	1889–date	Wash., Wash. 2d
Washington Territory Reports	1854–1888	Wash. Terr.
Court of Appeals (Wash. Ct. App.): Cite to P.2d or P.3d.
Pacific Reporter	1969–date	P.2d, P.3d
Washington Appellate Reports	1969–date	Wash. App.
Statutory compilations: Cite to Wash. Rev. Code.
Revised Code of Washington		Wash. Rev. Code § x.x.x (year)
West's Revised Code of Washington Annotated		Wash. Rev. Code Ann. § x.x.x (West year)
Annotated Revised Code of Washington (LexisNexis)		Wash. Rev. Code Ann. § x.x.x (LexisNexis year)
Session laws: Cite to Wash. Sess. Laws.
Session Laws of Washington		year as volume Wash. Sess. Laws page no.
West’s Washington Legislative Service		year as volume Wash. Legis. Serv. page no. (West)
Administrative compilation
Washington Administrative Code		Wash. Admin. Code § x-x-x (year)
Administrative register
Washington State Register		iss. no. Wash. Reg. page no. (month day, year)
West Virginia
Supreme Court of Appeals (W. Va.): Cite to S.E. or S.E.2d.
South Eastern Reporter	1886–date	S.E., S.E.2d
West Virginia Reports	1864–date	W. Va.
Statutory compilations: Cite to W. Va. Code.
West Virginia Code		W. Va. Code § x-x-x (year)
Michie’s West Virginia Code Annotated (LexisNexis)		W. Va. Code Ann. § x-x-x (LexisNexis year)
West’s Annotated Code of West Virginia		W. Va. Code Ann. § x-x-x (West year)
Session laws: Cite to W. Va. Acts.
Acts of the Legislature of West Virginia		year as volume W. Va. Acts page no.
West Virginia year Advance Legislative Service (LexisNexis)		year as volume-pamph. no. W. Va. Adv. Legis. Serv. page no. (LexisNexis)
West’s West Virginia Legislative Service		year as volume W. Va. Legis. Serv. page no.
Administrative compilation
West Virginia Code of State Rules		W. Va. Code R. § x-x-x (year)
Administrative register
West Virginia Register		vol. no. W. Va. Reg. page no. (month day, year)
Wisconsin
Public domain citation format: Wisconsin has adopted a public domain citation format for cases decided after December 31, 1999. See Wisconsin Supreme Court Rule 80. The format is: Smith v. Jones, 2000 WI 14, ¶ 6 Smith v. Jones, 2001 WI 1, ¶ 12, 214 Wis. 2d 408 Doe v. Roe, 2001 WI App 9, ¶ 17 Doe v. Roe, 2001 WI App 15, ¶ 27, 595 N.W.2d 346
Supreme Court (Wis.): Cite to N.W. or N.W.2d.
North Western Reporter	1879–date	N.W., N.W.2d
Wisconsin Reports	1853–date	Wis., Wis. 2d
Pinney	1839–1852	Pin.
Chandler	1849–1852	Chand.
Burnett	1842–1843	Bur.
Burnett (bound with session laws for Dec. 1841)	1841	Bur.
Court of Appeals (Wis. Ct. App.): Cite to N.W.2d.
North Western Reporter	1978–date	N.W.2d
Wisconsin Reports	1978–date	Wis. 2d
Statutory compilations: Cite to Wis. Stat..
Wisconsin Statutes		Wis. Stat. § x.x (year)
West’s Wisconsin Statutes Annotated		Wis. Stat. Ann. § x.x (West year)
Session laws: Cite to Wis. Sess. Laws.
Wisconsin Session Laws		year as volume Wis. Sess. Laws page no.
West’s Wisconsin Legislative Service		year as volume Wis. Legis. Serv. page no. (West)
Administrative compilation
Wisconsin Administrative Code		Wis. Admin. Code agency abbreviation § section no. (year)
Administrative register
Wisconsin Administrative Register		iss. no. Wis. Admin. Reg. page no. (month day, year)
Wyoming
Public domain citation format: Wyoming has adopted a public domain citation format for cases decided after December 31, 2003. See Order Amending Citation Format (Aug. 19, 2005). The format is: Doe v. Roe, 2001 WY 12 Doe v. Roe, 2001 WY 12, 989 P.2d 1312 (Wyo. 2001)
Supreme Court (Wyo.): Cite to P., P.2d, or P.3d.
Pacific Reporter	1883–date	P., P.2d, P.3d
Wyoming Reports	1870–1959	Wyo.
Statutory compilations: Cite to Wyo. Stat. Ann. (published by LexisNexis).
Wyoming Statutes Annotated (LexisNexis)		Wyo. Stat. Ann. § x-x-x (year)
West’s Wyoming Statutes Annotated		Wyo. Stat. Ann. § x-x-x (West year)
Session laws: Cite to Wyo. Sess. Laws.
Session Laws of Wyoming		year as volume Wyo. Sess. Laws page no.
West’s Wyoming Legislative Service		year as volume Wyo. Legis. Serv. page no. (West)
Administrative compilation
Code of Wyoming Rules (LexisNexis)		tit. no.-ch. no. Wyo. Code R. § x (LexisNexis year)
Administrative register
Wyoming Government Register (LexisNexis)		iss. no. Wyo. Gov’t Reg. page no. (LexisNexis month year)
American Samoa
High Court of American Samoa (Am. Samoa): Cite to Am. Samoa, Am. Samoa 2d, or Am. Samoa 3d.
American Samoa Reports	1900–date	Am. Samoa, Am. Samoa 2d, Am. Samoa 3d
Statutory compilation
American Samoa Code Annotated		Am. Samoa Code Ann. § x (year)
Administrative compilation
American Samoa Administrative Code		Am. Samoa Admin. Code § x (year)
Canal Zone
United States District Court for the Eastern District of Louisiana (E.D. La.): This court has jurisdiction over litigation pending as of Apr. 1, 1982, in the United States District Court for the District of the Canal Zone. Cite to F. Supp.
Federal Supplement	1982–1983	F. Supp.
United States District Court for the District of the Canal Zone (D.C.Z.): This court ceased to exist on Mar. 31, 1982. Cite to F. Supp.
Federal Supplement	1946–1982	F. Supp.
Statutory compilation
Panama Canal Code		C.Z. Code tit. title locator, § section locator (year)
Guam
Supreme Court of Guam (Guam): See Sandra E. Cruze, How To Cite Guam Law, Third Edition, September 2002. For example: Santos v. Carney et al., 1997 Guam 4; 1997 WL 460435 (Sup. Ct. Guam 1997)
District Court of Guam (D. Guam): Cite to F. Supp., F. Supp. 2d, or F. Supp. 3d.
Federal Supplement	1951–date	F. Supp., F. Supp. 2d, F. Supp. 3d
Guam Reports	1955–1980	Guam
Statutory compilation
Guam Code Annotated		tit. no. Guam Code Ann. § section no. (year)
Session laws
Guam Session Laws		Guam Pub. L. law no. (year)
Administrative compilation
Administrative Rules & Regulations of the Government of Guam		tit. no. Guam Admin. R. & Regs. § section no. (year)
Navajo Nation
Supreme Court (Navajo), previously Court of Appeals (Navajo): Cite to Navajo Rptr.
Navajo Reporter	1969–date	Navajo Rptr.
District Court (Navajo D. Ct.): Cite to Navajo Rptr.
Navajo Reporter	1969–date	Navajo Rptr.
Statutory compilation
Navajo Nation Code Annotated (West)		Navajo Nation Code Ann. tit. title locator, § section locator (year)
Northern Mariana Islands
Public domain citation format: The Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands has adopted a public domain citation format. See General Order 01-100 (March 13, 2001). The format is: ABC Company vs. XYZ Company, 2001 MP 1, ¶ 10
Supreme Court (N. Mar. I.): Cite to N. Mar. I.
Northern Mariana Islands Reporter	1989–date	N. Mar. I.
District Court for the Northern Mariana Islands, Trial and Appellate Divisions (D. N. Mar. I. and D. N. Mar. I. App. Div.), and Commonwealth Superior Court (N. Mar. I. Commw. Super. Ct.), previously Commonwealth Trial Court (N. Mar. I. Commw. Trial Ct.): Cite to F. Supp., F. Supp. 2d, or F. Supp. 3d.
Federal Supplement	1979–date	F. Supp., F. Supp. 2d, F. Supp. 3d
Northern Mariana Islands Commonwealth Reporter	1979–date	N. Mar. I. Commw.
Statutory compilation
Northern Mariana Islands Commonwealth Code (LexisNexis)		tit. no. N. Mar. I. Code § x (year)
Session laws
Northern Mariana Islands Session Laws		year as volume N. Mar. I. Pub. L. law no.
Administrative compilation
Northern Mariana Islands Administrative Code		tit. no. N. Mar. I. Admin. Code § x (year)
Administrative register
Northern Mariana Islands Commonwealth Register		vol. no. N. Mar. I. Reg. page no. (month day, year)
Oklahoma Native Americans
Tribal Courts, Courts of Indian Offenses (Appellate Division), Courts of Indian Appeals, and Courts of Indian Offenses: Cite to Okla. Trib.
Oklahoma Tribal Court Reports	1979–date	Okla. Trib.
Puerto Rico
Public domain citation format: Puerto Rico has adopted a public domain citation format for cases decided after December 31, 1997. The format is: Yumac Home Furniture v. Caguas Lumber Yard, 2015 TSPR 148
Supreme Court (P.R.): Cite to P.R. or P.R. Offic. Trans., if found there; else, cite to P.R. Dec. or P.R. Sent., in that order of preference.
Puerto Rico Reports	1899–1978	P.R.
Official Translations of the Opinions of the Supreme Court of Puerto Rico	1978–date	P.R. Offic. Trans.
Decisiones de Puerto Rico	1899–date	P.R. Dec.
Sentencias del Tribunal Supremo de Puerto Rico	1899–1902	P.R. Sent.
Circuit Court of Appeals (P.R. Cir.): Cite to T.C.A
Decisiones del Tribunal de Circuito de Apelaciones de Puerto Rico	1995–date	T.C.A.
Statutory compilation
Laws of Puerto Rico Annotated (LexisNexis)		P.R. Laws Ann. tit. title no., § section no. (year)
Leyes de Puerto Rico Anotadas (LexisNexis)		P.R. Leyes An. tit. title no., § section no. (year)
Session laws
Laws of Puerto Rico		year as volume P.R. Laws page no.
Leyes de Puerto Rico (LexisNexis)		year as volume P.R. Leyes page no.
Virgin Islands
All courts: Cite to V.I.
Virgin Islands Reports	1917–date	V.I.
Statutory compilation
Virgin Islands Code Annotated (LexisNexis)	1962–date	V.I. Code Ann. tit. x, § x-x year
Session laws: Cite to V.I. Sess. Laws.
Session Laws of the Virgin Islands		year as volume V.I. Sess. Laws page no.
Virgin Islands Code Annotated Advance		year as volume-pamph. no. V.I. Code Ann. Adv.
Legislative Service (LexisNexis)		Legis. Serv. page no. (LexisNexis)
Administrative compilation
Code of U.S. Virgin Islands Rules (LexisNexis)		tit. no.-ch. no. V.I. Code R. § x-x (LexisNexis year)
Administrative register
Virgin Islands Government Register (LexisNexis)		iss. no. V.I. Gov’t Reg. page no. (LexisNexis month year)

T19. Table of Citation Guides

The 20th edition of The Bluebook is 560 pages. Pages 307–490 are devoted to Table 2, which is named “Foreign Jurisdictions.” While The Bluebook does an admirable, although some might argue overly specific, job of discussing the citation of U.S. legal materials, Table 2 breezes through 43 foreign jurisdictions at a breathtakingly rapid pace. The authoritativeness and care found in the rest of The Bluebook is perhaps not possible when attempting to summarize, for example, the legal system of France in 5 pages. As such, we attempt in this table to direct the reader to a series of other citation guides that are readily available for further guidance.

T19.1. General Legal Citation Guides

1. New York University School of Law, Guide to Foreign and International Legal Citations, First Edition (2006). (Superseded by Second Edition)
2. Cardiff University, Cardiff Index to Legal Abbreviations, (2011).
3. University of Chicago Law Review, The Maroonbook: The University of Chicago Manual of Legal Citation, (2016).
4. Peter W. Martin, Introduction to Basic Legal Citation, (2015).
5. University of Washington School of Law, Acronyms & Abbreviations, (2015).
6. Washington University in St. Louis Global Studies Law Review, International Citation Manual.
7. American Association of Law Libraries, AALL Universal Citation Guide, Edition 2.1, (2008) (Superseded by Edition 3.0)

T19.2. Country-Specific Citation Guides

1. New Zealand Law Foundation, New Zealand Law Style Guide, 2nd Edition, (2011).
2. Faulty of Law, University of Oxford, Oxford University Standard for Citation of Legal Authorities, (2006).
3. SILC, Standard Indian Legal Citation, (2014).
4. University of Melbourne, Australian Guide to Legal Citation, Third Edition (2010).

T19.3. State and Jursisdiction-Specific Legal Citation Guides

1. Arkansas Reporter of Decisions, House Style Guide, (2010).
2. Edward W. Jessen, California Style Manual, 4th Edition, (2000).
3. Office of the Reporter of Judicial Decisions, The Manual of Style for the Connecticut Courts (Third Edition), (2013).
4. Superior Court of Delaware, Guide to the Delaware Rules of Legal Citation (Second Edition), (2004).
5. Supreme Court of Illinois, Style Manual for the SUpreme and Appellate Courts of Illinois, Fourth Edition (2012).
6. Massachusetts Reports, Style Manual Prepared by the Office of the Reporter of Decisions, 2015–2016.
7. Supreme Court of New Jersey, New Jersey Manual on Style for Judicial Opinions, (2004).
8. Law Reporting Bureau of the State of New York, New York Official Reports Style Manual, (2015).
9. U.S. Army Court of Criminal Appeals, Citation Guide, Seventh Edition, (2012).
10. District of Columbia Court of Appeals, Citation and Style Guide, (2009).
11. Department of Justice, United States Department of Justice, Office of the Solicitor General Citation Manual, (2014).

T20. Tables of Correspondence

The material in this section was originally prepared by Patrick Durusau.

Forward Lookup

The Indigo Book	The Bluebook®
R1. Two Types of Legal Documents	B1, R1
R2. Typeface Standards	B2, R2
R3. In-Text Citations	B1, R1
R4. Signals	B1.2, R1.2
R5. Capitalization Rules	B8, R8
R6. Signals for Supporting Authority	B1.2, R1.2
R7. Signals for Comparison	B1.2, R1.2(b)
R8. Signals for Contradictory Authority	B1.2, R1.2(c)
R9. Signals for Background Material	B1.2, R1.2(d)
R10. Order of Authorities Within Each Signal / Strength of Authority	B1.2, R1.4
B. CASES	B10, R10
R11. Full citation	B10.1
R12. Court & Year	B10.1.3, R10.4, R10.5
R13. Weight of Authority and Explanatory Parenthetical	B10.1.5, R10.6.1
R14. History of the Case	B10.1.6, R10.7
R15. Short Form Citation for Cases	B10.2, R10.9
C. STATUTES, RULES, REGULATIONS, AND OTHER LEGISLATIVE & ADMINISTRATIVE MATERIALS	R12, R13, R14
R16. Federal Statutes	B12.1.1, R12
R17. State Statutes	B12.1.2, R12
R18. Rules of Procedure and Evidence, Restatements, and Uniform Acts	B12.1.3, R12.9.3, R12.9.4
R19. Administrative Rules and Regulations	B14, R14
R20. Federal Taxation Materials	B12.1.4, R12.9.1
R21. Legislative Materials	B13, R13
R22. Short Form Citation of Legislative and Administrative Materials	R13.8
R23. Sources and Authorities: Constitutions	B11, R11
D. COURT & LITIGATION DOCUMENTS	R10.8.3
R24. Citing Court or Litigation Documents from Your Case	R10.8.3
R25. Citing Court or Litigation Documents from Another Case	R10.8.3
R26. Short Form Citation for Court Documents	B4, R4
R27. Capitalization Within the Text of Court Documents and Legal Memoranda	B8, R8
E. BOOKS & NON-PERIODICALS	B15, R15
R28. Full Citation for Books & Non-Periodicals	B15.1
R29. Short Form Citation for Books & Non-Periodicals	B15.2
F. JOURNALS, MAGAZINES, & NEWSPAPER ARTICLES	R16
R30. Full Citation for Journals, Magazines & Newspaper Articles	B16.1
R31. Short Form Citation for Journals, Magazines & Newspaper Articles	B16.2
G. INTERNET SOURCES	B18, R18
R32. General Principles for Internet Sources	R18.2.1
R33. Basic Formula for Internet Sources	B18.1.1, R18.1
R34. Short Form Citations for Internet Sources	B18.2
H. EXPLANATORY PARENTHETICALS	R12.8
R35. General Principles for Explanatory Parentheticals	B1.3
R36. Order of parentheticals	R1.5(b)
I. QUOTATIONS	B5, R5
R37. General Principles for Quotations	B5.1
R38. Alterations of Quotations	R5.2
R39. Omissions in Quotations	R5.3
R40. Special Rules for Block Quotations	B5.2
J. TABLES
T1. Federal Judicial and Legislative Materials	T1.1
T2. Federal Administrative and Executive Materials	T1.2
T3. U.S. States and Other Jurisdictions	T1.3
T4. Required Abbreviations for Services	T15
T4.1. Service Publisher Names	T15
T4.2. Service Abbreviations	T15
T5. Required Abbreviations for Legislative Documents	T9
T6. Required Abbreviations for Treaty Sources	T4
T7. Required Abbreviations for Arbitral Reporters	T5
T8. Required Abbreviations for Intergovernmental Organizations	T3
T8.1. United Nations and League of Nations	T3.1, T3.2
T8.2. Europe	T3.3, T3.4, T3.5
T8.3. Inter-American and International Tribunal	T3.6, T3.7, T3.8
T8.4. Other Intergovernmental Organizations	T3.9
T9. Required Abbreviations for Court Names	T7
T10. Required Abbreviations for Titles of Judges and Officials	T11
T11. Required Abbreviations for Case Names In Citations	T6
T12. Required Abbreviations for Geographical Terms	T10
T12.1 U.S. States, Cities and Territories	T10.1
T12.2 Australian States and Canadian Provinces and Territories	T10.2
T20.3 Countries and Regions	T10.3
T13. Required Abbreviations for Document Subdivisions	T16
T14. Required Abbreviations for Explanatory Phrases	T8
T15. Required Abbreviations for Institutions	T13.1
T16. Required Abbreviations for Publishing Terms	T14
T17. Required Abbreviations for Month Names	T12
T18. Required Abbreviations for Common Words Used In Periodical Names	T13.2
T19. Table of Citation Guides	T2

Reverse Lookup

The Bluebook®	The Indigo Book
B1, R1	R1. Two Types of Legal Documents
B2, R2	R2. Typeface Standards
B1, R1	R3. In-Text Citations
B1.2, R1.2	R4. Signals
B8, R8	R5. Capitalization Rules
B1.2, R1.2	R6. Signals for Supporting Authority
B1.2, R1.2(b)	R7. Signals for Comparison
B1.2, R1.2(c)	R8. Signals for Contradictory Authority
B1.2, R1.2(d)	R9. Signals for Background Material
B1.2, R1.4	R10. Order of Authorities Within Each Signal / Strength of Authority
B10, R10	B. CASES
B10.1	R11. Full citation
B10.1.3, R10.4, R10.5	R12. Court & Year
B10.1.5, R10.6.1	R13. Weight of Authority and Explanatory Parenthetical
B10.1.6, R10.7	R14. History of the Case
B10.2, R10.9	R15. Short Form Citation for Cases
R12, R13, R14	C. STATUTES, RULES, REGULATIONS, AND OTHER LEGISLATIVE & ADMINISTRATIVE MATERIALS
B12.1.1, R12	R16. Federal Statutes
B12.1.2, R12	R17. State Statutes
B12.1.3, R12.9.3, R12.9.4	R18. Rules of Procedure and Evidence, Restatements, and Uniform Acts
B14, R14	R19. Administrative Rules and Regulations
B12.1.4, R12.9.1	R20. Federal Taxation Materials
B13, R13	R21. Legislative Materials
R13.8	R22. Short Form Citation of Legislative and Administrative Materials
B11, R11	R23. Sources and Authorities: Constitutions
R10.8.3	D. COURT & LITIGATION DOCUMENTS
R10.8.3	R24. Citing Court or Litigation Documents from Your Case
R10.8.3	R25. Citing Court or Litigation Documents from Another Case
B4, R4	R26. Short Form Citation for Court Documents
B8, R8	R27. Capitalization Within the Text of Court Documents and Legal Memoranda
B15, R15	E. BOOKS & NON-PERIODICALS
B15.1	R28. Full Citation for Books & Non-Periodicals
B15.2	R29. Short Form Citation for Books & Non-Periodicals
R16	F. JOURNALS, MAGAZINES, & NEWSPAPER ARTICLES
B16.1	R30. Full Citation for Journals, Magazines & Newspaper Articles
B16.2	R31. Short Form Citation for Journals, Magazines & Newspaper Articles
B18, R18	G. INTERNET SOURCES
R18.2.1	R32. General Principles for Internet Sources
B18.1.1, R18.1	R33. Basic Formula for Internet Sources
B18.2	R34. Short Form Citations for Internet Sources
R12.8	H. EXPLANATORY PARENTHETICALS
B1.3	R35. General Principles for Explanatory Parentheticals
R1.5(b)	R36. Order of parentheticals
B5, R5	I. QUOTATIONS
B5.1	R37. General Principles for Quotations
R5.2	R38. Alterations of Quotations
R5.3	R39. Omissions in Quotations
B5.2	R40. Special Rules for Block Quotations
	J. TABLES
T1	Federal Jurisdictions
T1.1	T1. Federal Judicial and Legislative Materials
T1.2	T2. Federal Administrative and Executive Materials
T1.3	T3. U.S. States and Other Jurisdictions
T2	T19. Table of Citation Guides
T3	T8. Required Abbreviations for Intergovernmental Organizations
T3.1, T3.2	T8.1. United Nations and League of Nations
T3.3, T3.4, T3.5	T8.2. Europe
T3.6, T3.7, T3.8	T8.3. Inter-American and International Tribunal
T3.9	T8.4. Other Intergovernmental Organizations
T4	T6. Required Abbreviations for Treaty Sources
T5	T7. Required Abbreviations for Arbitral Reporters
T6	T11. Required Abbreviations for Case Names In Citations
T7	T9. Required Abbreviations for Court Names
T8	T14. Required Abbreviations for Explanatory Phrases
T9	T5. Required Abbreviations for Legislative Documents
T10	T12. Required Abbreviations for Geographical Terms
T10.1	T12.1 U.S. States, Cities and Territories
T10.2	T12.2 Australian States and Canadian Provinces and Territories
T10.3	T12.3 Countries and Regions
T11	T10. Required Abbreviations for Titles of Judges and Officials
T12	T17. Required Abbreviations for Month Names
T13	Required Abbreviations for Periodical Names
T13.1	T15. Required Abbreviations for Institutions
T13.2	T18. Required Abbreviations for Common Words Used In Periodical Names
T14	T16. Required Abbreviations for Publishing Terms
T15	T4. Required Abbreviations for Services
T15	T4.1. Service Publisher Names
T15	T4.2. Service Abbreviations
T16	T13. Required Abbreviations for Document Subdivisions